Modern coal gasification technology is an important part of modern coal chemical industrial plants,involving stable operation of the entire coal plant. This paper introduces application of modern coal gasification technologies in China,summarizes characteristics of gasification processes,application parameters,market data,etc. The first class gasification technology is entrained-bed gasification process,which can be divided into dry pulverized coal pressurized gasification and wet coal-water slurry pressurized gasification. The typical dry pulverized coal pressurized gasification technologies include Shell Gasifier,GSP Gasifier,HT-LZ Gasifier,WHG (Ning Mei) Gasifier,Two-stage Gasifier,CHOREN CCG Gasifier,SE Gasifier. The typical wet coal-water slurry pressurized gasification technologies include GE (Texaco) Gasifier,coal-water slurry gasifier with opposed multi-burners,Multi-component Slurry Gasifier,Non-slag/slag Gasifier (modified as Tsinghua Gasifier),E-gas (Destec) Gasifier. The second class gasification technology is fluidized-bed coal gasification process. The typical fluidized-bed coal gasification technologies include U-gas Gasifier,SES Lignite Gasifier,CAGG Gasifier. The third class gasification technology is fixed-bed coal gasification process. The typical fixed-bed coal gasification technologies include Lurgi Lignite Gasifier,Crushed coal Pressure Gasifier,BGL Gasifier. This paper points out the importance of coal gasification and recommends the strategic goal of combination of foreign advanced coal gasification concepts and modern coal gasification technologies with independent intellectual property rights.

FCC as the core equipment for gasoline and diesel oil production,is an important source of refinery economic efficiency,but long period operation of catalytic cracking unit is constrained by coking and loss of catalyst. In order to further enhance operating level of catalytic cracking unit and try to use big data processing technology,China's petrochemical refining technology analysis and remote fault diagnosis platform was developed and data mining and analysis of accumulated massive data of catalytic cracking was conducted to make exploratory research and analysis of operational problems of coking,alarming,etc. A more comprehensive analysis can accurately identify the factors related to the problems,thereby securing smooth running of catalytic cracking unit. Once industrial applications of big data technology make good economic and social benefits based on the root cause transfer entropy,further application of big data technology in the petrochemical industry is expected.

Through the method of literature data exploitation,this paper summarized the power plant accident caused by the inappropriate chemical water treatment and also summarized the advised chemical water treatment. After analyzing the data,the most suitable chemical water condition was chosen for the common unit. Firstly,for the drum boilers with a unit range of 0-200MW and main steam pressure below 15.7MPa,the advised condition is equilibrium phosphate treatment(EPT). Secondly,for the subcritical once-through boilers with a unit range of 200-600MW(excluding 200MW),the advised condition is oxygenated treatment(OT). Thirdly,for the supercritical and ultra-supercritical once-through boilers with a unit range of 600-1000MW(excluding 600MW),the advised condition is oxygenated treatment(OT).

Ethylene production as an important basic industry plays an important role in national economy,petrochemical industry and industrial society,and maintains a booming trend in economic growth. But because of the overall technical level of ethylene production in China as well as complex raw material supply and other factors,China's current ethylene plant lags behind world's advanced level. In order to catch up with world advanced level,process automation and real-time optimization is essential. This paper describes real-time optimization development status and application of this technology in ethylene plant. Through implementation of real-time optimization system and establishment of a whole process mechanism model for ethylene plant,real-time tracking of production and on-line optimization can be realized to achieve the best economic operating point. In addition, oriented by prices of raw materials,products and utilities,automatic operation of the whole plant is performed to reduce human intervention in optimization and implementation. Through research and analysis of RTO technology,the goals of yield increase,energy saving and consumption reduction could be achieved.

The mass transfer and heat transfer of the chemical reaction can be improved by micro-reactor technology,which provides a new platform for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. This paper reviews the researches and development of micro-reactor technology in the recent year and the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in micro-reactor. The structure researches of micro-reaction devices have gone through the developments of single channel,multi channel and complex channel. The catalysts can be divided into two categories of micro particle and wall coating. Along with developments of micro reactor,the catalysts studies have also made significant progress. The activity of catalysts in micro-reaction device is 8 to 10 times higher than that in fixed-bed reactor. The studies of numerical analysis are summarized. This paper also introduces the status of pilot test and commercialization of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in micro-reactor. It is expected the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in micro-reactor will have a deeper development in future.

To improve adsorbent's heat and mass transfer performance used for adsorption refrigeration,we prepared eight sintering compound adsorbents composed of 13X zeolite(both powders and granular type) and additives(including micron-sized iron,aluminum and expandable graphite). SEM observation as well as measurement and characterization analysis of thermal conductivity,adsorption isotherm,pore size distribution and other physical properties were carried out. The results showed that the powder zeolite with expanded graphite as additive had the best compact and the largest contact area among zeolite particles. The powder zeolite with aluminum powder as additive had the highest thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity,increased by 100.9% and 315.6%,respectively,compared with pure component granular zeolite. The powder zeolite with iron powder had the lowest heat capacity,decreased by 33.9% compared with pure granular zeolite. The specific surface area and porosity of powder and granular zeolites were reduced due to the addition of additives. The various types of compound adsorbents studied were employed in adsorption refrigeration unit tube,and relevant performance experiments were carried out. The internal mechanisms between improvement of the adsorption refrigeration tube's performance indexes(i.e.,cycle time,cooling capacity,COP and SCP) and respective physical properties of these compound adsorbents were discussed.

Gas hydrates have absorbed more and more attentions as a potential medium for gas separation. The additive promoters can reduce the hydrate equilibrium pressure at a given temperature. In this paper,we had mainly conducted on phase equilibrium of CH₄、O₂、N₂ and corresponding gas mixtures hydrate based on the water fugacity model integrated with the gas state equations of PRSV2. Furthermore , the groups of additive-aqueous solution were divided based on UNIFAC group contribution method to calculate activity of each composition in aqueous phase,and the effects of additives on phase equilibrium pressure of aforementioned gas mixtures hydrate were studied. The results showed that the water fugacity model is more accurate compared with other models in pure water system. Under the condition of tetrahydrofuran (THF) aqueous solution system,the water fugacity model prediction accuracy is about 7% for single or double-component gas hydrate. With the increase of THF concentration,the scale of the equilibrium pressure depression is reduced. When the THF aqueous solution concentration reaches 6% mole fraction,the phase equilibrium pressure of gas hydrate reaches the minimum.

Quantum chemical method based density functional theory (DFT) was used to build the molecular structures of stable insoluble sulfur,which contain seven common kinds of stabilizers and HCX. Based on the transition state theory,the reaction energy barrier and thermodynamic parameters were calculated for each thermal cracking reaction. The thermal stability and thermodynamic properties of insoluble sulfur with various stabilizers were compared. The simulation result were compared with the experimental and DSC results. The experimental result showed that under the conditions of 1% stabilizer,110℃ and 15min,the thermal stability ratio of insoluble sulfur prepared with HCX was 82.4%. The DSC result revealed a pyrolysis temperature of 138℃。 The thermal stability of insoluble sulfur prepared with HCX was superior to samples prepared with common stabilizers. The consistency between the experimental result and the simulation result proved the reliability of this model,which therefore can be used to develop new kinds insoluble sulfur stabilizer.

With the rapid development of market globalization,supply chain,a new idea of business management,has been introduced into various industries. However,in some fields which have unreasonable industrial sructures and need urgent upgrading,there is hardly any research on supply chain. For example,it is hard to see quantitative researches in petrochemical industry. Many problems in the base oil supply chain production and distribution system with independent decision-making are analyzed in this paper,such as failure of information sharing,manufacturers,distributors and customers seeking to maximize respective self-interest,ignoring or even damaging the overall interest of supply chain. Aiming to solve the above problems,this paper builds a production-distribution integrated planning model to minimize total cost and total time,and proposes a method of finding the Pareto optimal solution of multi-objective supply chain network based on particle swarm optimization. Results of simulation cases have proved feasibility and superiority of the integrated planning model.

A mathematical model was constructed to simulate the temperature change and the concentration variation of a single ethanol solution droplet during depressurized evaporation. The present model was based on energy conservation in liquid phase,as well as the species diffusion in liquid phase. Film model was used to calculate the droplet evaporation rate. The activity coefficient was introduced to calculate the partial vapour pressure at the droplet surface. Using the droplet suspension method,the droplet temperatures during depressurized evaporation of ethanol solution droplets and acetic acid solution droplets were recorded,respectively. The present model was verified by comparing the numerical results with the experimental data. By numerical calculations,the variations of temperature and concentration profile within a droplet were discussed. Results showed that during the fast pressure dropping stage,the droplet evaporation rate was rapid due to the strong air flow,leading to a fairly large temperature difference inside the droplet. The concentration gradient inside the droplet was also very great. When the ambient pressure maintained constant,the temperature difference inside the droplet diminished gradually,and the concentration gradient within the droplet was also decreased. Because the thermal diffusivity is greater than the mass transfer coefficient,the droplet internal temperature change with time is faster than the concentration change versus time.

The historical production data in hydrocracking contains rich operational knowledge,which is not fully mined and exploited. To solve the problem,a novel method is proposed for solving the operation optimization in hydrocracking by intelligent visualization optimization method based on rough set. The continuous operation variables in the production data from practical industrial case are discretized by adaptive discretization. Because reduction of condition attributes is an N-P hard problem,thus heuristic method based on line-up competition algorithm is proposed to carry out the reduction. Results show that the proposed heuristic method can reserve the key operation variable and reduce the redundant ones efficiently,and 4 of 12 variables are reduced in hydrocracking reaction data. On the basis of the reduction,the processed data are mapped onto the plane by intelligent visualization optimization method,thus contours are created. The optimizing region and optimal operating point of the yield of aviation kerosene can be seen intuitively. Optimization result shows that the yield of aviation kerosene is promoted from previous 33.98% to 37.58% within the constraints.

Fast pyrolysis of biomass in a dual fluidized was simulated using Aspen Plus software,and the process included the following unit operations:drying,pyrolysis,bio-oil condensation,and combustion . Based on the simulation results,exergetic analysis of the whole process was performed in order to optimize the overall exergetic efficiency. Analysis results indicated that the exergetic efficiency increased only slightly with a decrement of system pressure drop while increased significantly from 69% to 75.6% when the pyrolysis char combusted was reduced from 100% to 65%. The conclusions are useful for industrial design of biomass fast pyrolysis.

There were few reports about the structure design of large capacity floating device at present. The pace for domestication of flotation units was slow. In this paper,the self-developed compact flotation unit(CFU) with 120m³/h capacity was chosen as a simulation model. 3D flow fields were analyzed using Eulerian model and RNG k-ε turbulence model. The structural parameters such as inner cylinder height,radial clearance,inlet tube diameter were examined,as well as the influences of operational parameters including oil wastewater treatment capacity and inlet oil content,in order to investigate and optimize de-oiling performance of the unit. Results of structural parameters analysis showed that the inner cylinder height has less influence on separation efficiency. As radial clearance decreases,oil-water separation efficiency raises then declines. As the inlet tube diameter decreases, de-oil efficiency decreases first then increases. Results of operational parameters simulations indicated that CFU has a relatively large operational flexibility and good adaptability to a certain degree of fluctuations on water quality and quantity.

Mass transfer performance of cross-current rotating packing bed with metallic wire structured packing and novel plastic structured packing respectively was investigated using Na₂CO₃- H₂S as absorption system. The effects of liquid flow,gas-liquid ratio,and high-gravity factor on desulfurization rate and gas phase mass transfer coefficient were studied by theoretical derivation of expressions of gas-liquid mass transfer coefficients K_y and K_ya. Desulfurization rate of wire packing bed was 3%-4% higher than novel plastic packing bed under the same conditions,but K_y,K_ya and pressure drop were 0.25-0.5、0.8-0.9 and 0.3-0.5 times of novel plastic packing bed. K_ya of novel plastic packing bed was 1.45 times higher than that of bulk wire packing bed under similar working condition. Correlation of K_y,K_ya and gas phase Reynolds numbers Re_G,liquid phase Weber number We_L,Galileo number Ga was obtained by regression of experiment data.

As an energy source,liquefied natural gas (LNG) has the advantages of clean and efficient. The vaporization of LNG releases a large number of cold energy,which has great economic value and environmental value. But it is a common problem that LNG cold energy utilization rate is low. This paper presents various ways of the LNG cold energy utilization,compares the advantages and disadvantages and cooling energy requirements among them,and dicusses the prospects for their utilization and environmental values. LNG cold energy utilization technology development and the research progress are also introduced. To solve the problem of low utilization rate,suggestions of taking advantage of the principle of temperature counterpart and cascade utilization,developing accumulation and cold energy storage device as well as developing new refrigerating medium,are proposed. The choice of cold energy projects should be based on the availability of local conditions and new forms of cold energy utilization need to be developed.

FCC slurry is of low value when it is used as fuel component and its high value application is of interest in recent years. The processes of high value utilizations of FCC slurry were reviewed. Especially,the industrialized processes of FCC blending with coke feed,blending with reduced crude to get more gas oil,blending with vacuum residue as feed of solvent deasphalting and distilling units to get asphaltenes were described. Meanwhile,the research results of processing of slurry with coal,solvent extraction of slurry to get aromatics rich fractions to produce chemical products and thermal cracking of slurry to get asphaltene upgrading component were described. The features of the processes were described also. For high value utilizations of slurry,blending process is reliable and easy to accomplish,but the value added is not obvious and the process is restricted by the existed unit of refinery and the volume of blending. The value increase of other processes is obvious,but additional units and investment are required. Therefore the processing of slurry by collection will be a valuable method in large scale utilization.

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers(PODE) made from non-petroleum-based substitude fuel is a new kind of green and environment-friendly diesel fuel additive,which has excellent performance and great application potential because of its high cetane number,high oxygen content and non-intermiscibility gap between diesel. It can improve the diesel fuel's cetane number and combustibility while reduce the emissions of pollutant. This work presents an overview of PODE. First,the physico-chemical characteristics and some performance indexes for diesel fuel of PODE_n has been described in detail. Then the recent research progress of synthesis technology and mechanism of chain propagation for synthesis reaction was also summarized. Using ionic liquid thin film catalysis as the possible industrialization route for PODE was proposed. The research progress of PODE_n as diesel addictive and its new applications of being new component in fuel and new type of green solvent oil was also presented. Finally the trend and key tasks of future research work was pointed out. The proper degree of polymerization and addictive amount of PODE should be determined,and the combustion and power performance of diesel fuel blended with PODE should be checked by lots of experiments. The production standard should be also established.

To examine the effect of smectite on oil generation of kerogen pyrolysis,we studied the kerogen isolated from oil shale of Huadian,Fushun and Yaojie by TG-FTIR and kinetic analysis. Results show that the weight loss of kerogen from Huadian and Fushun are reduced after the initial increase. Furthermore,the weight loss of kerogen which blended with smectite is lower than that of kerogen until the pyrolysis temperature reaches 440℃,but it then increases rapidly and exceeds that of kerogen after 440℃。 With the increase of smectite,the ratio of CH₃/CH₂ is also increased at same heating rate. The pyrolysis activation energy of kerogen with smectite is found lower than that of kerogen alone. Results show that the effect of smectite to kerogen pyrolysis is both physical adsorption and catalytic cracking,which will be different through the pyrolysis process and increasing blend of smectite. Finally,further discuss has been conducted for the mechanism of smectite by pyrolysis kinetics analysis of samples with a heating rate of 10℃/min.

In order to select optimal raw material parameters in the straw briquette processing,a straw briquette processing plant in Shaanxi with annual output about 20000 tons was taken as an example. Using the discrete system simulation software ExtendSim,we made a simulation on the straw briquette production and investigated the effects of moisture content and crushing particle size of raw materials on specific energy consumption and productivity of the processing. We obtained the optimal parameters combination of theoretical energy consumption based on the results. Based on the sensitivity analysis,we concluded that energy consumption of briquette fuel was more sensitive to the parameters of raw material than those of its productivity,but the contrary conclusion applied to the pellet fuel. Hence,the optimal parameter selection was based on a performance indicator which was more sensitive to the parameters of raw material. We concluded that as for briquette fuel whose optimal parameters are 15% and 20-30mm,it will save 11.64% energy consumption theoretically and practically saved 10.36%. As for pellet fuel whose optimal parameters are 10% and 10mm,it will save 5.58% theoretically and 6.36% practically. Therefore,the optimal parameter combination chosen by the performance indicator is more energy-saving than the ones from the original parameters optimization experience. It provides a theoretical foundation for the optimal parameter selections in the straw briquette engineering production and helps to guide the engineering practice.

Reactive liquefied rice husk polyols comes from the liquefaction of rice husk in oligomer polyols and we can synthesize polyurethane adhesive (PU) from liquefied rice husk polyols by reacting it with oligomer polyols,4,4-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) and small molecule cross-linking agent. In the synthesis of the PU,the pre-polymerization temperature,the amount of liquefied rice husk polyols,the species of oligomer polyols,R value (molar ratio of -NCO and -OH) and the type of small molecule cross-linking agent were investigated. The PU was analyzed by IR,viscosity and mechanical properties,and the results showed that when the pre-polymerization temperature was 70℃,polybutylene adipate 1000(PBA1000) was the raw materials,the amount of liquefied rice husk polyols was 10%,R value was 1.2 and the cross-linking agent was trimethylolpropane(TMP),we can obtain PU adhesive with excellent performance.

Based on principles of group contribution,the formulations of composite solution for CO₂ absorption were designed. By comparing the influences of different molecular structure on basicity,and steric hinerance,the activating agent HZ showed the best activation effect and therefore was selected. The composite solution was compounded by adding appropriate amount of activating agent HZ in the MDEA solution. With the absorption-regeneration experimental device,the CO₂ absorption capacity of composite solution was evaluated under normal pressure. The appropriate amount of HZ,the best absorption temperature and the best regeneration temperature were confirmed. The experimental results showed that activating agent HZ had better activating effect than MEA,DEA,PZ. The appropriate amount of activating agent HZ in composite solution was 0.7mol/L and the best absorption temperature was 40℃and H₂S could decrease the absorption of CO₂; the best regeneration temperature was 115℃ and the composite solution had excellent foam resistance capacity.

Nickel complexes are important ethylene oligomerization catalysts and have shown good application prospect in the synthesis of α-olefin due to their high activity,mild reaction conditions and high selectivity. The latest research progress of nickel complex catalysts towards ethylene oligomerization for α-olefin has been reviewed herein. In terms of molecular structure of the ligand,the discussions focus on the research status of imino pyridyl ligand nickel complex catalysts and pyrazole ligand nickel complex catalysts,including the influence of the ligand structure,substitution group effect and process conditions on the catalytic activity and product distribution. At the same time,the development of other types of ligands,including formazan,phosphine oxazoline,thiophene,dinuclear structure and dendritic ligands is also briefly introduced. The study of the effect of the fine structure of the nickel complexes on the catalytic activity and the selectivity of α-olefin has important significance for the design of high carbon α-olefin catalyst with the prospect of industrial application.

In this paper,recent advances in the catalysis of methanol-to-aromatic (MTA) reaction have been reviewed. Effects of catalyst preparation and reaction conditions on the MTA performance were focused. From the point of catalyst preparation,modification with different metals,different metal modification methods,addition of catalytic promoters and improvement of diffusion properties on the activity and selectivity of MTA reaction were discussed. Besides,co-feeding other reactant with methanol as a modification of reaction condition also helped to understand the reaction mechanism and influenced the reaction results. It is important and interesting to combine various modifications without losing their advantages in contributing to the MTA catalytic performance.

Enzyme and metal catalysis used to be considered as unconnected just like “two sides of a medal”. Chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution is an important application of metal complexes in cooperative catalysis with enzymes. The key point is how to cooperate racemization by metal and to conduct kinetic resolution by enzymes effectively. Racemization of a substrate with a metal complexes combined with a stereoselective transformation of the substrate catalyzed by an enzyme by kinetic resolutions dynamic was reviewed. The metal catalysts used in dynamic kinetic resolution and the coordination of various metals and enzymes were mainly introduced. In the final part of the perspective,improving the stability of enzyme in the reaction system is thought to be the future research direction.

One-step oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol to 2,3,5-trimethyl-1,4-benzonquinone has many advantages over traditional sulfonated-oxidation process with higher yield,simpler and midler reaction condition and environment benign. Recent progresses on homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol were introduced and reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of each method and route in catalytic activity,selectivity,product separation and catalyst recovery were discussed. The latest trends and development were analyzed and summarized. Micromechanism research on heterogeneous catalysis and industrialization exploration on catalyst cost and cyclical stability were considered as two potential research directions.

Ag-TiO₂ catalyst was prepared by the sol-gel method. The nanoparticles were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm (BET),and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Degradation of methylene blue (MB) was studied at different doping contents and different calcination temperatures. The results showed that the specific surface areas of the samples increased and the transition from anatase to rutile were greatly inhibited when the calcinated temperatures was 800℃。 Also the photocatalytic activity was found to increase after Ag was doped. When the calcinated temperature was 500℃ and 1% Ag doped TiO₂ nanoparticles were irradiated under ultraviolet light,the degradation rate of MB reached 90% after 180min.

Three different heteropoly acid adsorbents were prepared with silica gel as support by impregnation method and characterized by infrared spectrum and N₂ adsorption-desorption methods. The supported adsorbents were used for the removal of basic nitrogen compounds in CGO. The optimum conditions for denitrification of CGO were studied by examining the effect of reaction time,reaction temperature,oil ratio and loading mass. It was shown that when phosphotungstic acid loading mass was 40%,the reaction temperature was 50℃,the reaction time was 50min and mass ratio of adsorbent to oil was 1:4,Best performance of the adsorbent was observed,with a denitrification rate of 89.07% and a denitrification oil yield of 95.54%.

Nano-structure carbon materials are among the most widely studied and used inorganic non-metallic materials. This article summarizes the recent research progress and development of the nitrogen doping materials,which have a great influence on the electrical conductivity of carbon materials,field emission performance,supercapacitor performance,oxygen reduction catalytic performance,other catalytic properties and hydrogen storage performance. Recent researches have indicated that nitrogen doping can significantly enhance the electrochemical and catalytic performance of these materials,while endue these materials with some peculiar properties. Therefore,it is expected to explore novel methods to improve the performance and efficiency of equipment and the catalytic process based on the nano-structure carbon materials.

Mercaptotriazole is a class of heterocyclic ligands containing sulfur and nitrogen,which gains rapid and extensive studies in both medicine and coordination chemistry,because their derivatives show various properties and these compounds can also coordinate with variety of metal ions to form different complexes. This paper reviewed the advances in the synthesis and structure characterization of mercaptotriazole compounds and their metal complexes. According to the number of substituted groups,four classes mercaptotriazole of mono substituted,disubstituted and multi-arm, were described as well as their applications for drugs and functional materials. Finally,according to the research status of mercaptotriazole and their derivatives,the potential applications of coordination polymers based on mercaptotriazole were discussed from two aspects of ligands and metal ions.

Chitosan has excellent bio-degradability and unique molecular structure. The molecularly imprinted polymers prepared based on chitosan usually have high affinity and selectivity and therefore wide applications. This paper summarized the function of chitosan and modified chitosan in the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers,then reviewed latest development of molecularly imprinted polymers based on chitosan in environmental protection,medicine,separation and identification of protein,chiral compounds and adsorption for functional compounds. Advantages,disadvantages and development directions of these polymers in various fields were analyzed. Additionally,some application prospects of these molecularly imprinted polymers were discussed from the perspectives of green molecular imprinting technology and its combination with electrochemical sensor.

Thermoplastic polyether polyurethanes (PEPUs) were prepared by a transurethane polycondensation method with poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol (PTMG) as a soft segment,dimethyl- hexane-1,6-dicarbamate (HDC) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as hard segments in the presence of tetraethyl titanate (TET). FTIR,GPC,TGA and mechanical and optical property tests were used to characterize the catalytic performance of TET and compare with a standard catalyst of dibutyltin oxide (DBTO) . The effects of synthesis conditions such as polycondensation temperature,polycondensation time,prepolymerization temperature and prepolymerization time on the intrinsic viscosity of PEPUs were discussed by a series of single factor experiments. The results showed that PEPU with TET as a catalyst exhibited better thermal and mechanical properties than PEPU with DBTO as a catalyst did. And the optimal processing conditions were:the prepolymerization reaction was carried out at 110℃ for 45min under a reduced pressure of 0.070MPa and the polycondensation reaction was conducted at 160℃ for 110min under vacuum.

Surfaces of the PC/ABS/polyborosiloxane before and after combustion were analyzed by the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The mechanical properties and processing properties of the flame retarded PC/ABS alloy were also investigated. It was demonstrated that Si element in the polyborosiloxane (PB) would gradually concentrate on the surface of the alloy during the combustion process to form Si-rich insulating char layer on the surface of substrate. The layer retards the alloy from further combustion,which effectively improve the flame retardancy of the PC/ABS alloy. PB degrades mechanical properties of PC/ABS alloy system:PB has a great influence on the impact strength,but decreases the tensile strength only a little. The addition of compatilizer named maleic anhydride grafted ABS in the PC/ABS/PB can obviously enhance the mechanical properties of PC/ABS alloy system. Appropriate amount of PB can improve processing performance of the PC/ABS alloy.

In this research,cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were prepared by solid catalyst zirconium phosphate assisted hydrolysis method from spent mushroom substrate. Compared with traditional acid hydrolysis method,this method is simpler to operate and more eco-friendly. The effect of ultrasonication time,ultrasonication temperature and the concentration of diluted sulfuric acid on the yield of CNCs were investigated. The results showed that the yield of CNCs reached 42.80%,when ultrasonication time was 5h,ultrasonication temperature was 75℃ and the concentration of diluted sulfuric acid was 12.3%. The microstructure,morphology,spectrum properties and the crystal structure of CNCs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM),scanning electron microscope (SEM),fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD),respectively. The SEM and TEM showed that CNCs were rod-like with diameters of 10-30nm,and the FTIR analysis showed that the CNCs still kept the basic chemical structure of cellulose. The XRD pattern showed that the CNCs presented the crystal form of cellulose I. Compared with the spent mushroom substrate,the crystallinity of CNCs increased from 63.79% to 81.04%. This research proposed a new approach to efficient utilization of the spent mushroom substrate.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids,which play important role in food and medicine and other fields,have gained great attention in recent years. The process for production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by microorganism has its own advantages. Yeast,which has rapid growth and accumulation rate, has become the research spotlight and this work reviews the metabolic engineering of yeast to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids. The biosynthetic pathway of polyunsaturated fatty acids,biochemistry mechanism of lipid accumulation , polyunsaturated fatty acids production through metabolic engineering and the effect of unsaturated fatty acids on yeast tolerance,especially in the model organism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-conventional yeast of Yarrowia lipolytica,were addressed. Future research should be focused on exploring the mechanism of polyunsaturated fatty acids production with yeast ,which would guide metabolic engineering of yeast to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) between molecular structures and antibacterial activity of fumaric acid esters was studied using the density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP functional at the level of 6-311++G(d) basis set. The energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital E_HOMO,the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital E_LUMO,the difference of energy DE,the dipole moment μ,the zero-point energy (ZPE) and the average molecular polarizability (p) were selected as the structural descriptors. The geometries and the QSAR model of the samples were optimized and the stable complexes were obtained. The stability and predictive ability of the model were examined by the “leave-one-out” cross-validation method.The results suggest that the dipole moment μ,DE and zero-point energy are the predominant factors affecting the antibacterial activity against B. subtilis. The antifungal activity increases with the increase of DE and μ. The obtained QSAR model has a good stability and predictive ability for such inhibitors.

A new pour point depressant BS of stearyl methacrylate-benzyl methacrylate bipolymer,was synthesized from methyl acrylate,octadecanol and benzyl alcohol through esterification and polymerization reactions. The chemical structure of the copolymer was identified by infrared spectral analysis(IR) and gel permeation chromatograghy analysis(GPC). The optimum reaction conditions based on the performance of pour-point depressant were:the monomer molar ratio of stearyl methacrylate and benzyl methacrylate was 15:1,with the initiator dosage of 0.7%,polymerization temperature of 65℃ and the reaction time was 6h. When the dosage of pour-point depressants was 0.4% (mass fraction in the model oil),the pour point decreased by 4.5℃ and 9.5℃ for the model oils with 10% and 5% wax,respectively. The synthesized pour-point depressant was effective for diverse crude oils with different wax contents,especially for those with higher content of resins and asphaltenes,and a maximum pour point decrease of 11.5℃ could be obtained.

An amphoteric surfactant,3-bis(octylamidoethyl)amino-2-hydroxypropane sulfonate(BHS),was synthesized using octanoic acid,diethylenetriamine,epichlorohydrin and sodium bisulfite as starting materials. The structure of this surfactant was confirmed by FTIR,ESI-MS and ¹H NMR. The critical micelle concentration(cmc)was 0.52×10^-4mol/L and the lowest surface tension(γ_cmc)was 24mN/m at 25℃。 With the addition of NaCl solution (0.1mol/L),the cmc and γ_cmc decreased to 0.47×10^-4mol/L and 23.7mN/m,respectively. With an increase in temperature,the cmc increased,while the γ_cmc decreased. The performance of BHS showed that this surfactant exhibited better foam stability,wetting and emulsifying abilities than another typical surfactant bis(octylamidoethyl)amino propane sulfonate.

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) applied at a post-treatment stage relative to biological oxidation of industrial wastewaters present a class of promising abatement strategies able to solve the problem of residual refractory,often hazardous organic pollutants. The application of the AOPs is,however,restricted by drawbacks including high energy and agents consumption,low reaction rate,lack of experience in application and,as a result,modest development in full-scale applications concerning the wastewater treatment. Hence,this paper reviews the relationship of technology with improving material properties,increasing active species,stimulating the free radicals and accelerating reaction rate on the foundation of different energy supplying modes of various physical fields,targeting the mechanism of minimization of chemicals usage with degradation efficiency. It comes to the conclusion that the optimization of synergism among functional materials,motivating active species and trans-boundary mass transferring is the most crucial. It points out the reasonable regions for the interaction of physics,chemistry and medium. In addition,the report emphasizes the principles of transforming energy and degradation efficiency of molecules resulted from electron transferring in the latest achievements of oxidants,catalysts,electrochemical processes with applied electromagnetic(UV-light,microwave) and elastic(acoustic,ultrasonic) fields. The difference of chemical reactions under diverse physical fields depends on the absorption of medium for energy and electron transfer. Reactor engineering aspects and,ultimately,the economic efficiency of AOPs are considered. The difficulty is the non-linear extension and the high energy and agents consumption applied in pollutants of unit weight,while it is effective for refractory matters. The review serves a guidance among the state-of-the-art technological solutions for AOPs application to the treatment of wastewaters. Finally,it proposes the direction of future technology with respect to the mechanism innovation,energy reduction and processes optimization.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) are a series of persistent organic pollutants with acute toxicity that trigger a great number of negative effects on the ecological environment and human physical health which have aroused wide attentions of international community. In order to eliminate the potential threaten to the ecological and human physical health caused by the PCDD/Fs,the academicians from various countries have been intensively studying the physicochemical properties and formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs. The detailed physicochemical properties and three types of the formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs are given in this paper,including high temperature gas-phase mechanism,precursor synthesis mechanism and de novo synthesis mechanism. The high temperature gas-phase mechanism applies to homogeneous synthesis reaction which needs relative high temperature to synthesize a trace amount of PCDD/Fs. The precursor synthesis mechanism and de novo synthesis mechanism both apply to the heterogeneous catalysis synthesis reaction which can synthesize a large amount of PCDD/Fs with the existence of fly ash under a relative low temperature. Different combustion states have great influence on the two types of synthesis mechanisms. According to the formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs,taking effective process control methods can greatly reduce the amount of PCDD/Fs,therefore several feasible process control methods have been introduced for the control of the synthesis of PCDD/Fs.

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are formed in some organic chemical production processes and the using of these organic products,which are harmful to the environment and human health.In this paper,the definition,sources,harm,relevant laws and regulations,emission conditions of the VOCs were mainly reviewed. The characteristics of existing VOCs treatment technology mainly including the chemical oxidation technique,physical separation technique,biological decomposition technique,light decomposition technique,electrochemical technique,the new type of composite technique etc.were introduced.Then,the principle,process,advantages,restrictions of VOCs treatment technology were expounded.The adsorption technique is one of widely used method. Catalytic combustion and non-thermal plasma are fastest developing approaches.The composite technique is a new developing method and has a good result without second pollution,which is an important direction of VOCs treatment.The choice of the appropriate VOCs treatment should be based on the main ingredients of concentration,gas flow rate,physical and chemical properties etc.with the consideration of economic benefits.The outlooks of composite removal techniques were discussed. Cost reduction and simple operation are the key issues of application.

Enhanced composite technologies of nano zero-valent iron(NZVI) have received extensive attention due to their satisfactory mineralization for persistent pollutants. This paper summarizes the basic categories of enhanced composite technologies,including NZVI/Fenton technology,NZVI/ electrochemistry technology,NZVI/TiO₂ photocatalysis technology,and NZVI/biology technology. These composite technologies could improve the utilization of reagents,but researches about field experiments of wastewater treatment are rarely conducted. Meanwhile,the latest researches of the enhanced composite technologies for degradation of typical pollutants(e.g. halogenated organic compounds,nitroaromatic compounds,dyes and nitrate) were reviewed. The degradation mechanism and efficiency for pollutants were mainly presented. Several practical remediation cases showed a remarkable removal of pollutants compared with the sole technology. The prospects of the enhanced composite technologies include improving addition method of the used reagents,and focus on the removal of low carbon halohydrocarbons,build database on degradation mechanism.

The enrichment of denitrifying phosphorus bacterium(DPB)inoculated activated sludge from the anaerobic tank of a wastewater treatment plant which using A²/O process. Using the simulated domestic wastewater,the performance of the alternate anaerobic/anoxic-aerobic double membrane denitrifying phosphorus removing process(A₂N-DMBR)were investigated and the microflora of the system were investigated by high-throughput sequencing analysis. The results showed that the ratio of DPB to Phosphorus Accumulating Organisms(PAOs)was improved from 21.3% to 94.4% during the whole experiment period of 60 days,and the total phosphorus concentration of effluent was about 0.6mg/L. The A₂N-DMBR process was begun by increasing the influent ammonia nitrogen concentrations gradually,the system attained stable effect of removing nitrogen and phosphorus simultaneously in two months,the total phosphorus concentration of influent was 6.4mg/L,the influent N/P ratio was 8.8,the alternate anaerobic/anoxic-aerobic double membrane denitrifying phosphorus removing process could achieved the efficiency of 0.12kgN/(m³?d) and 0.018kgP/(m³?d). Total phosphorus and nitrogen effluent were 0.8mg/L and 12mg/L,respectively. The COD,NH₄⁺-N and TN met the first grade A standards of GB 18918-2002. Periodical test showed that pH and oxidation- reduction potential(ORP) could be used as the control parameters for phosphate release,ORP could be used to indicate the end point of the phosphate uptake in anoxic phase. There was a linear relationship between phosphorus uptake and nitrate,nitrite consumption during the typical cycle. The feeding sludge of system exhibited 0.5 times bacterial diversity of the seed sludge. At the phylum level,Proteobacteria was dominated in the feeding sludge. At the genus level,Xanthomonadales- nobank that most phosphorus removal bacteria belonged to was the most dominant order for the seeding sludge.

In order to improve the dyes adsorption properties of bentonite,organic acid modified bentonite(AAB)was prepared. AAB were characterized by N₂-BET,FTIR and XRD. In addition, main influencing factors of malachite green(MG) removal by AAB were investigated,with the adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics of MG on AAB were also studied. The results showed that the specific surface area of AAB was 45m2/g;the acetic acid molecule was successfully loaded on raw bentonite(RB),with the interlamellar spacing was 1.721nm. Under experimental conditions, decolorizing rate reached 99% when the adsorption dosage for 300mg/L MG with 0.4g/L AAB. The decolorizing rate of MG by AAB remained more than 97% within the initial pH 1-12 range. MG adsorption on AAB can be improved by low concentration sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS). On the other hand,cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB) suppressed MG adsorption on AAB obviously. MG adsorption on AAB followed Langmuir model and the Langmuir adsorption capacity was 1250mg/g. The adsorption process of MG was a fast adsorption stage,then gradually reached the adsorption equilibrium,which can be described by pseudo-second-order model. In summary,AAB is an environmental friendly absorbent for MG removal follow with low adsorbent dosage,rapid adsorption rate,a broad pH rang and high adsorption capacity.

Walnut shell based hydrothermal carbon(HTC) was synthesized,characterized and used as an adsorbent to removal Cr(Ⅵ) from aqueous solution. The influence of pH values,adsorbent dosage,initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentration and contact time on its removal was investigated. The results showed that the HTC has a wide pore size distribution and contains a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups,which are favorable for the adsorption. The adsorption process largely depends on the pH values and reaches a maximum(98.85%)at pH 2. The results showed an efficient removal at pH 6,within 100min,by using 16mg/L HTC and 50mg/L Cr(Ⅵ) at 35℃。 High R² value of 0.98889 was obtained with the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherms data of Cr(Ⅵ) on HTC obtained at 35℃,45℃ and 55℃ were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models,which showed that it is better described by the Freundlich isotherm model.

High purity quartz sand is widely used in construction,glass manufacturing,casting and other industrial fields. In order to obtain the replacement products of high purity quartz sand,quartz sand tailings were treated by removing Fe and Al. In this work,the method of quartz tailings from Guangdong Heyuan as raw material refined with hydrofluoric acid associated with oxalate was proposed,and the optimum operating conditions were also provided. Oxalic acid dosage and reaction temperature were determined by oxalic acid complexation experiments. The acid leaching reaction time and material ratio were determined by refining experiments via hydrofluoric acid associated with oxalic acid. The results showed that the best operating conditions of refining the quartz sand tailings were as follows. Quartz sand tailings of 200g with the particle size≤250mm were immersed into the 100mL mixed solution of saturated oxalic acid and hydrofluoric acid in the volume ratio is 25:1 for 4 hours. Temperature was kept at 80℃。 After refining,the silica content in the refined quartz sand tailings could reach 99.97%,with the whiteness of 87.5. Experimental results demonstrated that refined solution was recycled by adding oxalic acid and hydrofluoric acid. Oxalic acid could be crystallized from the uncooled refined solution. The residual refined solution and refined quartz sand water lotion was treated as waste liquid. The impurities in the waste liquid were precipitated by the addition of a saturated lime water. The experimental results showed that the tail liquid was treated completely when the volume ratio of the tail liquid and the lime water is 1:13 and after the end solution treatment,the tail liquid can be used as recycled water discharge.

Petrochemical Industry Parks as the economic engines for many Chinese regions are growing rapidly,yet have highlighted unsafety problem seriously due to park planning defect and management problem. With the large number of major hazardous sources and serious consequence in Petrochemical Industry Park,there are desperately need to construct emergency rescue system for Petrochemical Industry Parks. Well-functioning emergency rescue system will reduce accident rate and save loss even life. In this paper,we introduced how to construct emergency rescue system for Petrochemical Industry Park. From the point of characters of Petrochemical Industry Park accident and emergency rescue,issue of construction emergency rescue system is composed of evaluation of emergency rescue capacity,construction of integrated emergency rescue management platform,establishment of emergency rescue management system,and application of advanced techniques to rescue. These four aspects are an organic whole,and should not be separated during system construction. Emergency rescue system for Petrochemical Industry Park is composed by hardware and software system,only in the condition of software fit in perfectly with hardware the whole system can running in the best circumstances. Well-functioning emergency rescue system plays an important role in reduce casualties and economic losses.