Immobilized enzymes offer many advantagesbut the traditional immobilization methods usually require external assistance. The additional immobilization process will undoubtedly increase the cost of using enzymes. The self-immobilized enzymes proposed in recent years can perform under mild conditions, which can simplify the immobilization process, and provide new ideas for reducing the cost of enzymes and broaden the application field of enzymes. In this review, many self-immobilization approaches were systematically and thoroughly presented, including carrier-free self-immobilization, the self-catalyzed carrier-based immobilization, and the self-binding immobilization. Different methods have their own characteristics. Carrier-free self-immobilization avoids the cost of the carrier, and the self-catalyzed carrier-based immobilization can effectively circumvent the cost of the carrier and obtain the enzymes with higher mechanical strength. The self-binding immobilization can easily perform multi-enzyme immobilization under a mild condition. Coupling with the current research progresses on the self-immobilization of enzymes, the most recent developments of enzyme self-immobilization were discussed including the enzyme self-catalyzed immobilization and proteins-mediated (or peptides-mediated) self-immobilization. The current research of enzyme self-immobilization should be focus on the research and development of novel methods, which will lay a foundation for later rational selection and rational combination of self-immobilization methods and accelerate the practical application of self-immobilized enzymes.

Copper based heat exchange surfaces were modified by electrical discharge machining technology. The pool heat exchange properties of modified surfaces were investigated by self-made test device of heat exchange property for heat exchange surface. Due to the change of the machining currents, the roughness, porosity and roughness ratio of the modified surfaces were changed respectively. The contact angles of the modified were 117.4°-133.5°. The results of experiments indicated that the micro and nano structures of modified surfaces enhanced the properties of pool boiling heat exchange. The critical heat flux of modified surfaces was improved 26%-87.8% than that of polished copper surface. The maximum heat transfer coefficients were improved 48.1%-213% than that of polished copper surface. The heat transfer coefficient of modified surfaces decreased with the increase of roughness, and the critical heat flux increased first then decrease later. The increase of porosity of modified surfaces made the heat transfer coefficient increase, but the critical heat flux went up first and then down. The critical heat flux of modified surfaces decreased with the increase of roughness ratio, and the heat transfer coefficient went up and then down later. The effect of the roughness for enhancing pool boil heat transfer was poor. The porosity and roughness ratios were the key facts to enhance the property of pool boiling heat exchange. The porosity affected the bubble nucleation density and the roughness ratio affected actual contact area, which would improve the bubble departure frequency, and more heat flux was taken away from the modified surfaces by the departure bubbles. There was a mutually restrictive balance between porosity and roughness ratio.

Opoka has a good application prospect, but its natural whiteness is low, which restricts its development and application. The opoka ammonium sulfate calcining method can remove the coloured metal oxide, improve the whiteness of opoka, and extract the Al₂O₃. The solid phase and gaseous products of calcining process were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, TG-DSC and simultaneous thermogravimetry analyzer-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-mass spectrometer (TG-FTIR-MS), and the chemical process was clearly analyzed. The results showed that, at 200-350℃, the Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ in opoka react to form (NH₄)₃(Al, Fe)(SO₄)₃ and release NH₃ and H₂O; at 350-450℃, the further reaction to form NH₄(Al, Fe)(SO₄)₂ and release NH₃, H₂O, SO₂ and O₂; at 450-550℃, NH₄(Al, Fe)(SO₄)₂ decomposes to form (Al, Fe)₂(SO₄)₃ and release NH₃, H₂O, SO₂ and O₂; at 550-750℃ (Al, Fe)₂(SO₄)₃ decomposes to form Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ and release SO₂ and O₂. By Kissinger and Ozawa methods, the values of apparent activation energy for the four steps are 101.74kJ/mol, 104.52kJ/mol, 201.40kJ/mol and 232.51kJ/mol, respectively. The frequency factor, reaction order and kinetic equations corresponding to the four thermo-chemical reaction stages in the calcination process were established.

A flat loop heat pipe (FLHP), the evaporator with transparent cover, was designed and manufactured to investigate the effect of charging ratio on temperature oscillation. The visual study of the two-phase flow in the evaporating zone, wick and compensation chamber was given. Three charging ratios were tested to investigate the characteristics of start-up and operation of the LHP. It was found that Type Ⅰ cyclical temperature oscillation occurred at low heat loads with low charging ratios. However, as the charging ratio was raised, Type Ⅱ cyclical oscillation was observed under the same heat loads. The distinction of two types of temperature oscillation was whether the dry out happened in compensation chamber. Correspondingly, intermittent backflow from the condenser to the compensation chamber was visually observed. It could be concluded that temperature oscillations at low heat loads was resulted from poor dynamic distributions of working fluid in the whole LHP. As the heat load raised, the dynamic distributions of working fluid became stable, so the temperature oscillation disappeared. It was shown that the charging ratio of 52% had the best performance and there was the least amplitude and the lowest heat load when temperature oscillation disappeared.

Due to the strong non-linearity and complexity of mechanisms, the quality control of the polymerization process becomes a difficult and hot topic in the field of process control. By combining the characteristics of the polymerization process and using the process parameter data related to the physical properties of the polymer produced in the process of polymerization production, the concept of quality pattern monitoring was firstly introduced. This paper innovatively proposed a Bayesian statistical learning method based on pattern index to solve the quality pattern monitoring problem of the polymerization process. Firstly, the principal component analysis was used to project the essential features of the observational spatial data into the low-dimensional space to obtain the pattern index. Then, the Bayesian statistical learning method was applied to distinguish the constructed quality pattern based on posterior probability. Finally the proposed method was verified using the production data of the polymerization reactor provided by a chemical plant. Compared with the quality index such as conversion rate and polymerization rate, the pattern index can better reflect the consistency and product quality of the polymerization process. Therefore, the Bayesian discriminant method based on the pattern index has higher accuracy in comparison with the process parameters, and it is more effective on quality monitoring for polymerization process.

By using residence time distribution (RTD) as an evaluation criteria, flow behavior of solid particles in a continuous tank for leaching scheelite with sulfuric-phosphorous mixed acid was studied. The influences of factors, such as feed rate, stirring speed and combination of the inlet-outlet position, on the flow behavior of solid particles in the continuous leaching tank were investigated. The experimental results showed that the backmixing degree was enhanced with the increase of the feed rate and the normalised variance increased firstly. And then, the transverse migration velocity of the imported material increased, the RTD curve was closer to the curve of plug flow pattern, which resulted in the reduction of normalised variance. With the increase of stirring speed, the normalised variance increased, but the dead zone would be formed at the lower part of the tank gradually, and the volume fraction of dead zone increased. The mean residence time varied with the change of the combination of the inlet-outlet position and it was closest to the theoretical mean residence time when the inlet and outlet were both at the lower part of the tank. Two non-ideal flow models were used to characterize the RTD of the fluid in the continuous leaching tank. And the fitting time curves based on the models could give a good representation of the experimental curves.

In this paper, the decarburization between CO₂-O₂ and Fe-C liquid system was studied by gas-phase mass spectrometry. The gas-phase mass spectrometry was used to study the kinetics of gas-liquid system. The studied system had important scientific value and economic value. The effect of gas sampling port location, CO₂ injection concentration, injection height, gas flow rate, original carbon allocation and reaction temperature on decarburization was studied. The results showed that the optimal gas injection conditions were 1cm of gas injection port position, 3cm of gas injection height and 150mL/min of gas flow rate. There were three stages evolution of CO and CO₂ in the range of 4.0% to 1.0% of original carbon allocation, while two stages evolution in the range of 1.0% to 0.4%. In the first stage, O₂ reacts with carbon to form CO₂ and CO. At the same time, CO₂ reacts with carbon to form CO. The optimal experimental original carbon concentration was 3.0%. Temperature was favorable to the decarburization. While the temperature reached at 1873K, the temperature has less effect on decarburization. It determined that 1873K was the optimal experimental temperature. The theoretical carbon value of the end point of mass spectrometry was basically consistent with the measured value. It indicated that the experimental data of CO₂-O₂ decarburization by gas-phase mass spectrometry was reliable and could be used to study the reaction kinetics in gas-liquid system.

It is important to establish the prediction model of the cut size with different structural and operational parameters for the design and operation of the turbo air classifiers. Based on similarity theory and analysis of the separation process, a new semi-theoretical model considering the effect of the classifier structure parameters was proposed. The model parameters were acquired according to experimental results. The model was validated by both the experimental work and the data reported in literatures. The model is applicable for the classifiers with different structures. The cut size increases first and then decreases with the increasing impeller rotating speed. The model in this paper can reproduce this non-monotonic relation, while the previous semi-theoretical model cannot. The results indicated that a larger inlet area and a smaller inlet angle is necessary to generate a strong swirl flow, which ensures that the cut size is sensitive to a low impeller rotating speed. When the inlet area is smaller or the inlet velocity is larger, the separation efficiency of the fine particles will be improved. The cut size will decrease with the increase of the particle feed rate. Adjusting the impeller rotating speed can change the cut size to meet different demands.

Chemical heat storage technology stores and releases thermal energy through reversible chemical reactions. Its energy storage density is much higher than that of the sensible heat storage and phase change heat storage. It can achieve not only the long-term storage of thermal energy with almost no heat loss, but also the concurrent cold and heat storage. Therefore, chemical heat storage has a broad application prospect in the field of waste heat recovery, surplus heat, and solar energy utilization. In this paper, chemical heat storage was classified into three categories:concentration differentia heat storage, chemical adsorption heat storage, and chemical reaction heat storage. The chemical heat storage was systematically reviewed based on its classifications, characteristics and applications. The promising chemical heat storage materials were summarized. Moreover, the state of the art and the latest progress on the chemical heat storage technology were elaborated. In addition, the thermal energy storage systems and devices that employ chemical thermal storage technology were addressed. Based on the cognition and analysis of the current research status, the existing technical problems in the practical applications and future research directions were pointed out in the paper. It is expected that it could give a holistic insight into chemical heat storage technology. Meanwhile, it is believed that it could provide some valuable references for the developments and practical applications of the chemical heat storage technology.

In this work, a review of the hydrate based separation technology for CH₄/CO₂ mixture was proposed. Firstly, the available promotion approaches including thermodynamic promotions,kinetic promotions and integrated promotions were summarized. The thermodynamic promotion could affect the phase equilibria of gas hydrate, while it would decrease the separation factor of CO₂. The hydration reaction rate would be increased with kinetic promotor, but the phase equilibrium data would be invariable. The main research aspect in future, integrated promotion with the advantages of thermodynamic promotion and kinetic promotion, was still on the first stage. Secondly, the thermodynamic models and the kinetic models for the process were discussed. The available thermodynamic models were main proposed for the systems without promotors, and they were always utilized to predict phase equilibrium data or constitute of all phases. The model would predict both of them with high accuracy was still absent. The kinetic models were mainly developed for the process of hydrate growth. Additionally, the kinetic of the nucleation process could not be performed with kinetic model. Then the current situation of the process analysis, mainly focusing on the experimental analysis and the calculation for the phase equilibria situation with model, was presented. Last but not least, the main research aspects in future were also suggested.

As a new green technology, supercritical hydrothermal upgrading of oil sand not only increases the conversion of oil sand with less coking but also plays an important role in desulfurization, denitrification and heavy-metal removal. However, the mechanism and phase change of the process cannot be accurately described so far, especially the role of supercritical water in the system is still controversial. In this paper, the mechanism of supercritical hydrothermal upgrading of oil sand is summarized, the role of supercritical water is analyzed, and the research situation of hydrogen donor and catalyst is briefly described. At the same time, the way to improve the quality of this technology is put forward from the aspect of phase behavior. The analysis shows that supercritical water exists more as a catalyst than hydrogen donor in the system. The application of solid catalysts in this system have many defects while the application of hydrogen donor will become the development direction of supercritical hydrothermal upgrading of oil sand, and the application of hydrogen donor and free radical initiator will promote the process of industrialization due to they can greatly relax reaction conditions and facility requests.

HZSM-5 zeolites were treated with NaOH solutions. Powder-particle fluidized bed reactor was used to investigate the effect of alkali-treated HZSM-5 zeolites with different treatment time on product distribution of Shendong coal pyrolysis. The results showed that a proper alkali treatment can introduce mesopores into the crystal without destroying its phase structure. The amount of mesopore volume and the specific surface area enhanced with increasing alkali treatment time. In addition, the pore size distribution became broader and the acidity reached a peak followed by a continuous decrease. The content of the benzene and toluene in tar derived from pyrolysis in the presence of 0.5h alkali-treated zeolite increased up to 268% and 296% compared to that of raw coal, respectively. In the case of 2h alkali-treated HZSM-5 used in pyrolysis, the total amount of the pyrolysis gas was the highest, which was 24.8% higher than that of raw coal. The highest content of naphthalene, naphthalene derivates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (excluding naphthalenes) in tar could be obtained from pyrolysis when 4h alkali-treated zeolite was exploited, which was about 92% and 192% higher than that of raw coal, respectively.

An innovative technical approach has been proposed to solve the problem that a single-stage absorption refrigeration cycle using LiBr/H₂O is hardly driven by the solar energy collected with flat plate collectors or vacuum glass tube collectors, due to the required solar collecting temperature being too high. From the point of changing the absorption characteristics of working pairs, this approach is to explore some new working pairs, the refrigeration absorption characteristics of which are superior to LiBr/H₂O. In this paper, through experimental research, it was found that CaCl₂/H₂O has a good refrigeration absorption characteristic. Based on the refrigeration absorption characteristic of CaCl₂/H₂O, a new working pair having the better refrigeration absorption characteristics than that of LiBr/H₂O, the cheap CaCl₂, as their main component, had been selected, which was the CaCl₂-LiNO₃(1.8:1)/H₂O. The crystallization temperature,saturated vapor pressure,density,viscosity,specific heat capacity, and specific enthalpy of this working pair were systematically measured. The results showed that under the same refrigeration conditions,the required solar collector temperature or the generation temperature of CaCl₂-LiNO₃(1.8:1)/H₂O for a single-stage absorption refrigeration cycle was 6.9℃lower than that of LiBr/H₂O. Meanwhile,the crystallization temperature of the concentrated solution was 5.0℃, which was 69.1℃ lower than the generation temperature and 32.0℃lower than the absorption temperature. In addition,the corrosion rates of the carbon steel and copper in CaCl₂-LiNO₃(1.8:1)/H₂O solutions were measured with a weight loss method,and the results showed that the corrosion rates were low enough for practical applications.

A setup of a novel phase-change energy storage-heat pump, multi-complementary energy system was developed. Latent heat, as the low-temperature heat source, could be utilized when the water froze. Subsequently, the heat from the air could be stored in the water tank by heat exchange with ice until the water temperature was closed to the ambient temperature. This way could make the system perform better, and solve the frosting problem of traditional air source heat pump. The system performance in phase transformation heating mode, melting ice storage energy mode and air heating mode, was tested and analyzed. The results showed that the average heat pump COP in phase transformation heating mode was 2.80 with system COP of 2.10. For melting ice storage energy mode, it was maintained at about 2℃ temperature difference between inlet and outlet of circulating refrigerant in the storage tank, and the time for melting ice was 7h. Average heat pump COP in air heating mode was 2.73, and system COP was 1.93. The system performance was stable under the three operation modes. Meanwhile, the amount of system energy-saving and CO₂ emission reduction were calculated, and economy was analyzed. The effect on energy-saving was more significant. The comprehensive energy system could provide a new technical way for the heating of rural buildings heating in cold regions and actual application of "Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei" coal-to-electricity policy.

Experiments were performed on a small LiBr absorption refrigeration system using capillary mat as the cooling terminal. The effects of heat source temperature and flow rates, cooling water flow rates, and chilled water on the unit performance, chilled water supply temperature and indoor temperature were analyzed. The optimal system performance was obtained under the following operating conditions:the heat source water temperature of 90-92℃, the heat source water flow rate of 1.5m³/h, cooling water flow rate of 4m³/h, and chilled water flow rate of 2.5m³/h. The results also showed that the increase of heat source water temperature and cooling water flow rate improved the cooling capacity significantly, and decreased the chilled water supply temperature, which might cause indoor dew condensation. The heat source water flow rate had little effect on the cooling capacity and chilled water temperature, which was not suitable as the regulation basis. Changing the chilled water flow rate is an effective way for regulating cooling capacity and preventing indoor dew condensation since the cooling capacity and chilled water supply temperature respectively increased by 92.1% and 1℃ (from 16.7℃ to 17.7℃) when the chilled water flow rate increased from 1.0m³/h to 2.5m³/h. The present results provided the evidences for the application and regulation of small solar LiBr absorption refrigeration system with capillary mat terminal.

Carbon monoxide is widely present in coal-fired flue gas and automobile exhaust. The catalytic reduction of NO by incompletely-burned CO can simultaneously remove NO and CO. The catalyst plays a decisive role in the process. In this paper, the recent research results of CO catalytic reduction of NO under oxygen are reviewed systematically. The catalyst preparation method, doping modification and reaction conditions of Pd based, Ir based, Cu based, other precious metals and metal oxide catalysts are analyzed. The effects of O₂ concentration, H₂O and SO₂ on the catalytic reaction are also investigated. The active sites and catalytic mechanism of different catalysts are summarized and compared. The inhibition mechanism of O₂ in the catalytic reduction process was proposed, and the catalytic activity sequence of these kinds of catalysts was obtained. Finally, the research directions of further study are given as the inhibition mechanism of O₂, reducing the use of precious metals, and adding active additives.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is considered as an ideal power source for fuel cell vehicles. However, challenges still exist for the commercialization of PEMFC, in which the supply of stable and high quality hydrogen source is the main one. The production of hydrogen by dimethyl ether steam reforming is one of the most realistic and effective solutions for hydrogen supply in the near future. The present work provides review on the progress of the catalysts for hydrogen production through dimethyl ether steam reforming, and the focus is on the modification of acid strength, acid type and structure of alumina and HZSM-5 zeolite, and the research status of Pd based noble metal catalysts and Zn based catalysts. Furthermore, related research on monolithic catalyst, and the deactivation and regeneration of catalyst are also reviewed. It is pointed out that developing the In₂O₃ catalyst; constructing of catalysts with hierarchical/nanosized structure, creating catalysts with special structure (the hierarchical zeolite/alumina core catalyst enwrapped by one layer of defect-free metallic catalyst shell), may be the future directions of dimethyl ether steam reforming.

The core issue of efficient and green synthesis of chlorinated aromatic amines is to prevent the side reaction of dichlorination. The paper gives the recent progress of catalytic hydrogenation of chloronitrobenzene to chloroaniline. From the perspective of inhibiting dechlorination, the design strategies of selective hydrogenation catalysts can be divided into five types:modulating the interaction of metal components and supports, constructing double/multi metal catalyst, preparing amorphous alloy catalysts, employing polymer-stabilized noble metal catalysts and the heteroatoms modified noble metal catalysts. Research progress of all kinds of the methods and the mechanism of inhibiting dechlorination are introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of different reaction media are also discussed. It can be concluded that the heteroatoms modified noble metal catalyst exhibits superior catalytic performance, while the solvent-free method reflects the green concept of chemical industry. These two research directions will become the hot topics in the future.

Molecular sieves show good catalytic activity and shape selectivity in isobutane/butene alkylation reaction, but the easy coking shortens their lifetime. The molecular sieves macro deactivation process,coke characterization analysis and the treatment of the inactivated molecular sieves are reviewed in this paper. Most existing conclusions are based on the experiment phenomenon, and the qualitative and quantitative analysis are not still comprehensive, resulting in unclear deactivation mechanism. The catalytic ability of the regenerated molecular sieves is not satisfactory and the regenerated treatment process is complex and costly. On the basis of the characteristics of the coke, the coking routes for different cokes are obtained which provides a basis for the quantitative study in dynamic method. In addition, the deactivation molecular sieves analyzed from multiple perspectives, and then we put forward the further research direction of molecular sieves deactivation mechanism is to understand different coke influence on molecular sieves properties at a micro level.

A series of Sm-doped manganese-based catalysts with different molar ratios of Sm/Mn were prepared by co-precipitation method. Their phase, microstructure and catalytic activity were investigated. The results confirm that the doping of samarium can increase the specific surface area, pore volume and pore size of the catalysts, giving rise to an increase in the active sites on the surface of the manganese-based catalyst. When the molar ratio of Sm/Mn=0.05, the conversion of NO reached 80% at 150℃ and remained stable during the temperature range of 100℃ to 700℃. Samarium embedded the manganese lattice and formed the samarium manganese solid solution. The replacement of Mn⁴⁺ by Sm³⁺ introduced vacancy and defects into the catalyst which increased the number of surface defect and then promoted the catalytic reaction.

Monolithic iron based catalysts supported on alumina, silica, and titania were prepared using the sol-gel and impregnation method, with which the selective catalytic reduction of NO with propene has been investigated. The catalysts were characterized by N₂-physisorption, XRD, SEM, H₂-TPR, Py-FTIR and in situ DRIFTS technologies. The supports had significant influence on the acid sites, redox properties, specific surface area, and surface morphology which resulted in the differences in the catalytic activity of NO reduction. The C₃H₆-SCR performance decreased with the used catalysts in the order as Fe/Al₂O₃/CM > Fe/SiO₂/CM > Fe/TiO₂/CM. Fe/Al₂O₃/CM showed the highest activity with a nitrogen oxide conversion of 100% in the presence of oxygen at 450℃, which is mainly attributed to its good redox properties and abundant Lewis acid sites. Based on the in situ DRIFT studies, the increase of Lewis acid sites enhanced the formation of NO₂/NO₃^- species, so as to promote the catalytic activity.

The rare earth Ce doped ZnO has been prepared with the precursor prepared by hydrothermal method and subsequently calcinated at high temperature. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and EDS, respectively. The effects of various experimental parameters on the photocatalytic oxidation desulfurization were investigated. The results showed that the molar ratio of Ce to Zn had significant influence on the photocatalytic oxidation desulfurization properties of the Zn_(1-x)Ce_xO catalyst. The optimum preparation parameters were hydrothermal time of 4h at 100℃, calcination treatment of 300℃ at 2h to the Zn_0.89Ce_0.11O catalyst, 200mL model oil (sulfur content of 300mg/L), n(O)/n(S) molar ratio of 39 (H₂O₂ 15mL), 0.3g catalyst and irradiated under UV-light for 1.5h. The maximum desulfurization rate of the model oil was 98.9% under the above optimum conditions. The desulfurization rate of the catalyst did not decrease obviously after reused for five times.

With the advantages of small supercooling degree, no phase separation and high thermal energy storage capacity, the organic phase change materials (PCMs) are given wide attention in the phase change thermal energy storage filed. However, the organic PCMs also have the defects of low thermal conductivity, liquid leakage and relatively poor thermal stability, which have significantly limited their applications. In recent years, the research of organic-inorganic composite PCMs has become a new hotspot, which tremendously facilitates the application and development of organic PCMs. In this paper, the nanomaterials with high thermal conductivity to improve the heat-conducting property of organic PCMs and the porous supporting materials to prepare organic-inorganic shape-stabilized composite PCMs are summarized. In addition, the preparation methods, interactions and thermophysical properties of organic-inorganic composite PCMs are introduced. Compared with single PCMs, the composite PCMs have many superior properties. It is predicted that the research on the structure optimization, packaging technology of organic-inorganic composite PCMs and their integration with high efficient heat storage systems will become the trend in the future.

Silicone rubber materials are widely used in the biomedical field because of their superior mechanical properties and good biocompatibility. However, bacterial infection often occurs during their use, which seriously hinders their clinical application. Therefore, the improvement of the antibacterial properties of silicone rubber materials has become a research hotspot. This review summarizes and analyzes the antibacterial properties of the surface of silicone rubber. The hydrophilic transformation and the modification of the surface with different types of bactericide can effectively improve the antibacterial performance. Finally, the antibacterial properties of silicone rubber surface modification research prospects are expected. we point out that the combination of hydrophilic compounds and bactericide to prepare bifunctional antibacterial coating will become the focus of future research. Besides, the use of natural raw materials in the development of antimicrobial coatings will also become an important research direction.

Due to the advantages of large surface area, high loading capacity, good dispersion stability and stimulative responsibility, nanogels have potential applications in various fields like biomedicine, chemical and new material industries. In this review, typical methods for the preparation of nanogels, including the traditional ways like the physical and chemical cross-linking, and the novel approaches such as microfluidics, electrospray and electro-Fenton process, were summarized. The principles, advantages and disadvantages of those methods were introduced. In addition, the important properties of nanogels, such as biocompatibility and degradability, swelling property, and stability were summarized with a focus on their stimuli responsibility. Meanwhile, recent applications of nanogels in drug delivery and release, biosensor, molecular imaging, enzyme immobilization, plasticizer,and water treatment, were also summarized. Considering the problems in the preparation and applications, it was proposed that the studies regarding the new gel matrix, the surface modification and the development of green controllable preparation methods are the potential directions for nanogels in future.

Polypropylene (PP), as a general purpose thermoplastic, has many advantages, such as excellent physical properties, simple processing, small density, rich source of raw materials and so on, which is widely used in electrical appliances, automotive and packaging industries. However, PP has many shortcomings, such as poor toughness, low temperature brittleness, poor impact resistance, low dielectric constant and poor dimensional stability of the product. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have not only a unique tubular structure, but also the excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal and wear properties. The high performance composite materials of CNT and PP, which contain conductive, thermal conductivity and wear-resistant, would reveal broad application prospects. Therefore, the crystallization behavior, mechanical properties, electrical properties, frictional properties, thermal conductivity and other properties of polypropylene/carbon nanotube (PP/CNT) composites are reviewed emphatically. Meanwhile, the opinions and suggestions on the problems existed in the research and development of PP/CNT composites at present stage are put forward. Finally, the future development of PP/CNT composites is forecasted.

Two polymer blends were prepared by solution blending with poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and poly(ethylene glycol) stearate (PEOST) as raw materials. The PEOST mass fraction of one polymer blends was 10% (POS-10) and the other was 30% (POS-30). The non-isothermal crystallization behaviors of the two materials were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of PBS were analyzed by Mo Zhishen (Mo) method. And the crystallization activation energy of PBS was calculated by Kissinger method and Friedman method. The blends were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) and Polarized optical microscopy (POM). The results showed that influenced by the first crystallization of PBS, no PEOST crystal peak appeared in the DSC cooling curve of POS-10, while double crystal peaks of PEOST appeared in POS-30 at lower cooling rate. However, in the corresponding heating DSC curves, the melting peak of PEOST appeared in all two samples. The melting temperature (T_m) and melting enthalpy (△H_m) of PEOST in POS-30 were greater than those of POS-10. Higher contents of PEOST were helpful to form PBS crystallization. With increasing PEOST contents, the crystallization peak temperature and crystallization enthalpy(△H_c) of PBS increased, while the width of crystal half slit(D) decreased. However, PEOST usages had little effect on T_m and △H_m of PBS. With increasing cooling rate, the D of PBS increased, but that of PEOST reduced. The cooling rate had little effect on the T_m of PBS, while the T_m of PEOST decreased slightly. The Mo equations well described the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of PBS in blends. The absolute values of the activation energy of the PBS in POS-30 were greater than those of POS-10. The infrared response peaks at 1109cm^-1 and 841cm^-1 attributed to PEOST crystals appeared in the IR spectra of POS-30,but not emerged in POS-10.

A toughening modifier, poly(n-butyl acrylate)/poly(methyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate), PBMG, core-shell structured latex was synthesized via seed emulsion polymerization. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) was modified by wet ball milling combined with sonication to improve the thermal conductivity of epoxy resin (EP), donated as MBN. Then, EP/PBMG/MBN composites were prepared by mechanical mixing. The particle formation of PBMG, MBN and EP/PBMG/MBN composites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic laser scattering (DLS), thermal conductivity and mechanical testing. These measurements showed that the PBMG particle obviously presented a core/shell structure and a narrow size distribution. The unnotched impact strength and the thermal conductivity of the EP/PBMG/MBN composite increased by 133% and 171% compared with those of pure epoxy resin, respectively, when the contents of PBMG and MBN components were 5% and 8.99%. These composites may offer new applications in the microelectronic industry because future substrate materials require effective heat dissipation.

The graphene oxide (GO)/sulfonatedpolybenzimidazole (SPBI) proton exchange composite membranes were successfully prepared by blending and in situ polymerization,respectively. The structure of the composite membranes was characterized by FT-IR and TEM. The thermal stabilities,mechanical properties,dimensional stability,water uptake,acid doping level,oxidative stability and proton conductivities of composite membranes were investigated. The effects of different preparation methods and the addition of GO on the structure and properties of proton exchange composite membranes were studied. The results showed that the GO in Y-GO/SPBI-1% composite membrane presented thin sheet and was well dispersed. After addition of GO,the mechanical properties of the composite membranes increased significantly,and the tensile strength increases by 2.5 times compared with Nafion 117 membrane (26.65MPa). The thermal stability of Y-GO/SPBI-1% composite membrane was slightly higher than G-GO/SPBI-1% composite membrane. The water uptake of Y-GO/SPBI-1% composite membrane was similar to that of SPBI membrane,which was 51.36% higher than that of G-GO/SPBI-1% composite membrane. The result showed that the membrane prepared by in situ polymerization had good water retention capability. The composite membrane prepared by in situ polymerization had higher acid doping level and lower acid swelling ratio. The dimensional stability of the composite membrane was improved. The Y-GO/SPBI-1% composite membrane had the highest proton conductivity of 0.113S/cm at 40% RH,160℃. The oxygen-containing functional groups on GO contributed to proton hopping in the composite membrane. The in situ polymerization made GO more uniformly dispersed in SPBI matrix and played a key role in improving the proton conductivity of the composite membrane.

The inherent low glass transition temperature of carbazole blue luminescent materials severely limits its practical applications. To solve this problem, a kind of highly stable polycarbazole blue light material was prepared. By using 3,6-dibromo-9-(2-ethylhexyl)carbazole and N-(2-ethylhexyl) -3,6-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)carbazole, 1,3-bis(4-bromophenyl)adamantane as the monomers, several 3,6-carbazole-diphenyladamantane copolymers were synthesized by palladium-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. The number average molecular weight of the copolymer was in the range of 3500-6000. The DSC test results showed that after adding 10%, 30% and 50% molar contents of diphenyladamantane, the glass transition temperature of the copolymer significantly rose from 66℃ of the 3,6-carbazole homopolymer to 78℃, 93℃ and 106℃, respectively. As the content of diphenyladamantane increased, the thermal decomposition temperature (at 5% weight loss) of the copolymer also rose. The low-content diphenyladamantane modified copolymer had higher fluorescence quantum yield than the 3,6-carbazole homopolymer, showing excellent fluorescence transfer ability. The maximum fluorescence emission wavelength in the copolymer film state was within the optimal blue light wavelength range. The results showed that the addition of diphenyladamantane significantly improved the thermal stability of the carbazole polymer and the luminescence properties. The prepared copolymer was a new type of blue light emitting material with promising application.

Waste penicillin mycelium (WPM) was treated by microwave hydrolysis in alkali condition to remove nitrogenous materials, the residue was used to prepare activated carbon, realizing clean utilization. Response surface methodology(Box-Behnken)was used to obtain micro-pore dominated activated carbon and meso-pore dominated activated carbon, with iodine number and methylene adsorption being the objective respectively. The optimal conditions for micro-pore dominated activated carbon are:activation time 1h, activation temperature 425℃, ZnCl₂ 20% and impregnation ratio 1:3.85. The iodine adsorption of the activated carbon is 884.76 mg/g, with average pore size of 1.83 nm. As for the preparation of meso-pore dominated activated carbon, the optimal conditions are:activation time 2h, activation temperature 600℃, ZnCl₂ 30% and impregnation ratio 1:4. In this case, the methylene adsorption of activated carbon is 448.65 mg/g, with average pore size of 3.15nm. The structure of activated carbon was characterized by SEM and FTIR, indicating that the functional groups on the surface of the activated carbon are mainly carboxyl, hydroxyl and lactones.

The nano-composite films of carbon nanotubes and copper nanowires combine the electrical properties of copper nanowires with the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes. The composite film with proper ratio of carbon nanotubes and copper nanowire has excellent electrical properties, which is important for metal matrix composites. Theoretically, the electrical properties of composites are mainly affected by the composite composition and the distribution ratio. Using the single-variable method, we analyzed the influence of reaction time, NaOH purity, ethylenediamine content and water bath reaction temperature on the aspect ratio of the copper nanowires. The conductivity of the carbon nanotubes was also investigated. The effects of sintering temperature, homogenization, annealing and mechanical pressing on the electrical properties of the carbon nanotubes were analyzed. A series of CuNWs/CNTs composite films with different ratios were prepared from the optimized carbon nanotubes and copper nanowires, and the electrical properties of the composite films were experimentally demonstrated. The results showed that when the reaction time was 1h, NaOH was of analytical grade, the ethylenediamine content was 1mL and the water bath temperature was 70℃, the copper nanowires showed the best conductivity. The carbon nanotubes showed the best conductivity when the sintering temperature was room temperature, the homogeneous pressure was 500MPa, the quality was 3 times, the annealing temperature was 500℃, the holding time was 1h, the pressing force was 6N, and the pressing time was 10min. When the CuNWs volume fraction was 49.04%, the composite film had the highest conductivity and current carrying capacity, which reached 9.58×10^-5Ω·m and 159.09A/cm², respectively.

The underground engineering structures, such as diversion tunnel, are in a complex water environment. The concrete structure of a diversion tunnel is in water soaking and moist environment respectively during its operation and maintenance period. Within the service period, the erosion effect of CO₂ on the concrete structure is different from that by the carbonation under the atmospheric environment. The pore structure of the cement-based materials after CO₂ erosion in a water immersed and humid environment was analyzed by nitrogen adsorption method and compared with that after erosion in an atmospheric environment. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of the cement-based materials was always improved under the erosion of CO₂, but the adsorption capacity in the water soaking and moist environment was greater than that in the atmospheric environment. After the CO₂ erosion, the number of small pores in the cement-based materials increased significantly while that of large pores decreased. In the water soaking and moist environment, the number of small pores was more than that in the atmospheric environment. The total pore volume, average pore size and the number of pores of all sizes in the water soaking environment were all greater than those in the moist environment, and the water soaking environment would further aggravate the development and expansion of the pores.

Sulfonated poly ether ether ketone(SPEEK) and polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) were used to prepare self-breathing modified atmosphere blend membranes, and their properties and preservation effects were analyzed. The modified atmosphere membrane was fabricated by heterozygous method and the compatibility between SPEEK with PVDF was studied by SEM and DSC. The pore size distribution and permeability of the membranes were analyzed by a series of test methods. The membrane were then applied to the modified atmosphere storage of broccoli. The results show that different gas permeability blend membranes can be prepared by changing the mixing ratio of SPEEK and PVDF. The permeabilities of the membranes with different proportions of SPEEK for pure CO₂ and O₂ were in the range of 1.05×10^-10-1.495×10^-9cm³·cm/(cm²·s·cmHg) and 1.05×10^-10~1.495×10^-9cm³·cm/(cm²·s·cmHg), respectively. When the membranes were applied to the modified atmosphere storage of cauliflower, the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere package reached an equilibrium state after 3.7-9.1h and the final concentrations were maintained at 4.4%-7.8% (volume fraction), while that for O₂ was 4.2%-9.2%(volume fraction) after 5.5-9.6h. This gas composition was suitable for the modified atmosphere storage cauliflower. From the results, it can be speculated that the membranes can be applied to the modified atmosphere storage of many other fresh fruits and vegetables.

In order to maintain the high conductivity of grounding grids, one of the conventional methods is to apply resistance reducing materials such as sodium bentonite. In this method, the corrosion inhibitors are necessary to protect steels. The inhibitive effects of single-component Na₂B₄O₇, Na₂MoO₄, NaNO₂ and the complex inhibitors made of them by varying the mass fraction (0.75%, 1.50% and 3.00%) on the Q235 steel in sodium bentonite were investigated using dynamic potential polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The buried test, XPS and SEM with EDS were used to observe the appearance of the corroded regions and analyze the corrosion products. The results indicated that Q235 steels buried in sodium bentonite was seriously corroded, and the corrosion products were Fe₂O₃ and a small amount of FeOOH. The corrosion rate of the Q235 steel buried in sodium bentonite with high water content is controlled by the charge transfer, and the complex inhibitors can enhance the charge transfer resistance and the electrochemical impedance considerably. The corrosion processes of Q235 were prohibited effectively when the complex inhibitors were added. In the condition that the mass fraction were 1.50% and 3.00% respectively for a short and long period, the inhibition rates on Q235 both exceeded 99%, meanwhile the resistances of system were still low. Compared with single-component inhibitors under the same concentrations, the complex inhibitors showed obvious synergistic inhibitive effect, giving lower corrosion rate and higher charge transfer resistance.

The resources and separation methods of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its catalytic characteristics on synthesis of phenyllactic acid (PLA) were reviewed. Firstly, the resources of microorganisms for LDH and the isolation approaches of this enzyme from those lactic acid bacteria were discussed. It was found that the chromatography using cryogels could be an effective and novel one-step approach for the purification of LDH from crude broth having the advantages like high purity. Then, the crucial mechanisms, the optimized conditions, the enzyme engineering modification methods, as well as the influences of pH, temperature and heat resistance parameters on the biosynthesis of PLA by LDH with phenylpyruvic acid as the key substrate, were discussed. It was found that the optimal reaction conditions, such as pH and temperature, for the catalytic activities of LDH from different strains were quite different during the biosynthesis of PLA. Finally, recent studies regarding the enzyme engineering modification of LDH in the biosynthesis of PLA were summarized and compared. It was found that the catalytic activities of LDH in the biosynthesis of PLA from phenylpyruvic acid could be improved by the genetic modification and the co-expressing systems of LDH with coenzymes could be considered as the important future direction in this field.

α-Ketoisocaproate (KIC) is not only an important organic acid and key precursor of branched chain amino acids for pharmaceuticals, but also a metabolic regulator and therapeutic agent. Biosynthesis pathway for the production of KIC has advantages of the mild reaction conditions and environment-friendly processes. In this work, the advances of the important physiological properties, the metabolisms and the biosynthetic pathways of KIC, were summarized. According to the references, two biosynthetic pathways are available for the preparation of KIC. The first one is the microbial fermentation approach using the strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum by metabolic engineering or recombinant Escherichia coli with glucose as the substrate, where the yield is low. The another is the enzymatic catalyzing using amino acid aminotransferases, oxidases or deaminases, the whole-cell bioconversion and the recombinant engineering strains using L-leucine as the substrate, where the yield is slightly high. Issues regarding the metabolic engineering improvement of the yield of KIC, the biosynthesis pathway, and the advanced fermentation and separation techniques, were proposed and considered as the important future research directions.

To investigate the effect of synergistic-feeding fermentation using glucose and Cu²⁺ on erythritol production by Trichosporonoides oedocephalis, the batch fermentation was firstly carried out in 5L fermenter with various initial glucose concentrations. Then, the optimal glucose concentration combining with the CuSO₄·5H₂O addition was used for further fed-batch fermentation. Research results showed that the yield of erythritol reached the highest of 44.52g/L when glucose concentration was 300g/L, corresponding to the volumetric productivity of 0.371g/(L·h) and the ratio of the erythritol yield to glucose of 0.167g/g. Namely, the yield of erythritol was 49.62g/L with 30mg/L CuSO₄·5H₂O addition, which was 11.5% higher than that of the control. When the initial glucose concentration was maintained at 200g/L and the total sugar concentration was controlled at 300g/L, the erythritol yield reached 47.25g/L in the fed-batch fermentation and 55.31g/L in the synergistic fed-batch fermentation, respectively. Compared with the 300g/L glucose batch fermentation, the yield of erythritol increased by 6.1% and 24.2% in the process of fed-batch fermentation, respectively. Especially, the erythrose reductase (ER) activities in synergistic-feeding fermentation was higher than the control. The highest ER activity of 0.152U/mg protein was obtained at 84h of synergistic-feeding fermentation, representing 18.8% increase compared with the glucose-feeding fermentation independently. The results indicated that the yield of erythritol increased significantly when synergistic-feeding fermentation with copper ion salt and glucose, and the volumetric productivity of erythritol reached 0.461g/(L·h).

Solid-state fermentation of Actinosynnema pretiosum was investigated to establish an optimal process for synthesis of AP-3. The agricultural and sideline products (cornstarch, cornmeal, cottonseed meal, soybean meal, bean cake powder, rapeseed meal, wheat bran and rice bran) were used as raw materials. The compositions of solid fermentation medium and culture condition optimization were studied through single factor experiment and orthogonal design. The optimal mediums for the solid-state fermentation of AP-3 production was as follows (w/w):cornstarch, soymeal and cottonseed mass ratio 1:1:1, 4% of brown sugar, 2% of corn steep powder, 1% of CaCl₂. The optimal conditions for solid fermentation were as follows:initial pH 7.5, culture temperature 28℃, solid-liquid ratio (mass ratio) 1:0.8, quality of solid medium 25g (250mL conical flask), inoculum volume 150mL/kg, incubation time 7d. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of AP-3 could reach (26.86±1.87)mg/kg (per kilogram of medium). This study provided a new method and idea for the solid-state fermentation for ansamitocin P-3 production.

To solve the problems faced by traditional styrene-butadiene latexes, such as serious sensitivity, insufficient toughening capacity and poor comprehensive properties, the styrene-butadiene latex (RSL-100L) was synthesized by emulsion polymerization of styrene, liquid polybutadiene and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propane sulfonic acid monomers with a new kind of functional monomers containing -COOH groups. The RSL-100L obtained was a tough and salt-toleration polymer. The TEM image indicated that RSL-100L had formed a stable core-shell structure in solution. The performance-evaluation experiments showed that the salt tolerance, early strength and gas channeling prevention of the cement slurry were improved by RSL-100L latex. The cement paste exhibited better deformation ability and elasticity property than the non-modified cement paste. The exploration of action mechanism between RSL-100L latex particles and cement grains found that the micro-size particles of RSL-100L latex could be adsorbed onto the surface of cement grains by electrostatic interaction and Ca²⁺ complex, thereby filling the pores and gaps between the cement grains, which prevent gas channeling and improve the elasticity of cement-based composites.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been widely applied to recycle organic wastes such as sewage sludge, organic wastewater, municipal organic waste and livestock manure. Because it can produce methane and fertilizer while treating organic waste, many large-scale AD plants have been established around the world. Temperature is an important factor affecting AD, and mesophilic AD and thermophilic AD are two commonly used technologies. Although the two ADs have their own advantages and disadvantages, thermophilic AD has been attached far less importance than mesophilic AD in China. Firstly, this paper made a bibliometric analysis on Chinese and English papers about the two ADs and their comparisons. Then, a detailed comparison of the two ADs was made based on their AD models, economic efficiencies, application status, and operating performances, such as operating parameters, organic matter degradation, system stability, biogas performance, digestate properties (sludge dewatering ability, foaming potential and pathogen content) and microbial characteristics. Additionally, the suggestions for the application and development of the two ADs have been put forward.

As one of the most promising methods in chemical oxidation, activated persulfate oxidation has a fabulous prospect in environmental pollution control due to its characteristics of strong oxidizing ability, fast reaction speed and wide application range. It can be activated by initiators to form sulfate radical, which can degrade many organic contaminations and has a significant effect on the remediation of organic contaminated soil. This paper reviewed the mechanism of persulfate oxidation, and provided an overview on the research progress of the activation methods of persulfate oxidation for the remediation of organic contaminated soil under different conditions including transition metal ions, oxidants, thermal activation and alkali activation. It also reviewed the influencing factors of activated persulfate oxidation such as persulfate concentration, pH, reaction time and adding method of persulfate. Moreover, the application of activated persulfate oxidation combined with other technologies in soil remediation was expounded. Finally, the existing limit and prospects of activated persulfate oxidation technology for soil remediation were prospected.

Post-combustion CO₂ capture based on amine solvents chemical absorption is currently the most promising technology for industrial application in coal-fired power plant. However, this technology has the disadvantage of high energy consumption. To address this issue, process configuration modification of the CO₂ capture system will be an efficient method. In this review, a variety of flow sheet modifications reported in the literatures were classified into two catalogues, the absorption side and the desorption side. The absorption side modifications mainly involved four kinds, intercooled absorber, rich solvent recycle, lean solvent splitting and rotating packed bed, while the desorption side ones included seven kinds, interheated stripper, rich solvent splitting, flashing stripping, flashing and compression, multi-pressure stripper, multi-effect stripper and direct steam stripping. Among these modifications, rich solvent splitting, flashing and compression, multi-effect stripper and direct steam stripping showed the promising effect on energy reduction of the system. This review also introduced the combining of multiple modifications for comprehensive optimization of CO₂ capture system. The interaction among different modifications and the compatibility between amine solvents and modifications were particularly discussed. On this base, the combination of novel amine absorbents and process configuration multi-modifications was suggested to be an important research issue on advanced CO₂ capture system development in the future.

The increased plume turbidity, the phenomenon of blue/yellow smoke and the conversion into secondary aerosol after its entry into the atmosphere caused by SO₃ emission have aroused increasing attention. The emission of SO₃ in coal-fired power plant mainly consists of coal combustion and SO₂ oxidation in selective catalytic reduction (SCR). With the increasing application of SCR and the use of high sulfur coal, the control of SO₃ emission from coal-fired is imminent. This paper reviewed the migration, transformation and removal of SO₃ in SCR, low-low temperature electrostatic precipitator, wet flue gas desulfurization and wet electrostatic precipitator. At the same time, this paper expounds two kinds of SO₃ control technologies in flue gas of coal-fired power plant, one is to take advantage of the synergistic effects of existing pollutant control devices, and the other is to absorb SO₃ through the injection of alkaline absorbent. The different types of alkaline absorbent and the injection position were compared. A control method combining alkaline absorbent spray with desulfurization wastewater evaporation treatment in flue gas duct was put forward. It is pointed out that exploring the characteristics of SO₃ migration and transformation in flue gas system, as well as the reaction mechanism of alkaline adsorbent for removing SO₃ and its influencing factors are the developing directions on the research of SO₃ control technology in coal-fired flue gas.

As an important means to cope with global warming, CO₂ emission reduction has became a hot topic at home and abroad. To study key technology of pre-combustion CO₂ capture system, based on Huaneng(TianJin) 265MW IGCC (integrated gasification combined cycle) demonstration power plant, approximately 10000m³/h syngas was extracted from the gasification unit for CO sulfur tolerant shift, MDEA desulphurization and decarbonization, PDS sulfur recovery technology research. Meanwhile, the process simulation, field testing and system analysis of China's first industrial scaled pre-combustion capture system was completed. The results showed that the full load capture capacity was 78.11 thousand ton per year and the capture unit energy consumption was 2.35 GJ/t(CO₂) with capture ratio ≥ 85%. The simulation results fitted well with the actual operation data. The MDEA system accounted for 93.3% energy consumption of capture system and the thermal regeneration accounted for 81.61% of MDEA energy consumption. At the same time, the CO₂ loss process of the capture system was analyzed. With the application of the four-stage shift converter, the capture ratio increased to 92.29%, while the system consumption almost remained unchanged. The capture energy consumption and cost of CO₂ compression liquefaction was also investigated. The research results can provide theoretical guide for pre-combustion capture design, industrial enlargement and optimization.

The calcium-based sorbents[Ca(OH)₂] were granulated by extrusion-spheronization method. The influences of binder, proppant and pore forming material on CO₂ capture capacities of the granulated calcium-based sorbents were studied in a dual fixed-bed reactor. And porous Al₂O₃ powder was proposed as a novel proppant. The results showed that when polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP) is as a binder, the optimum addition ratio is 2%. High-aluminium cement and porous Al₂O₃ powder are good inert supports for the pelletization of calcium-based sorbents. The granulated sorbent using porous Al₂O₃ powder showed higher CO₂ capture capacity than that using high-aluminium cement. CO₂ uptake of the pelletized sorbent using porous Al₂O₃ powder was 0.23 g(CO₂)/g(sorbent) after 10 cycles, which is 1.35 times higher than that of the pelletized sorbent using high-aluminium cement. Microcrystalline cellulose as a pore forming material effectively improves CO₂ capture capacity of the pelletized sorbent, but it decreases its compressive strength. The compressive strength of the pelletized sorbent using porous Al₂O₃ powder is higher than that using high-aluminium cement. The specific pore volume of the pelletized sorbent using porous Al₂O₃ powder, which possesses lots of pores in the range of 30-100nm in diameter, is higher than that using high-aluminium cement. This is beneficial for CO₂ capture.

The denitrification performance and the change of denitrifying genes under different chemical oxygen demand (COD)/total nitrogen (TN) (C/N) conditions in a deep bed denitrification filter which used dual medium of quartz sand and activated carbon were investigated, when the filter treated the nitrate (NO₃^--N) of effluent from the secondary sedimentation tank in urban wastewater treatment plant. The result showed that the average of NO₃^--N conversion rate and COD removal efficiency increased from 46.5% to 90.0% and from 97.2% to 76.5%, respectively. Nitrite (NO₂^--N) accumulated under low C/N (C/N<6). When C/N was 4.2, NO₂^--N accumulation ratio reached 41.5%. With the increase of C/N (C/N ≥ 6), the accumulation of NO₂^--N gradually decreased until no NO₂^--N was detected in the effluent of the filter. The pollutants removal in the deep-bed denitrification filter mainly occurred in the first 35cm, which allowed for COD removal efficiency and NO₃^--N conversion rate of 94.0% and 81.2%, respectively. When C/N was 4.2, 6 and 7, the abundance of napA, narG, nirK, nirS and nosZ genes in the deep-bed denitrification filter was investigated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The number of denitrifying genes copies increased with the increase of C/N. It was found that the increase of carbon source could provide better environment for denitrifying bacteria and be beneficial to the growth and reproduction of denitrifying bacteria and then promote the denitrification process. Moreover, it was concluded that when the number of narG copies was higher than the sum of nirS and nirK copies, there was nitrite accumulation.

As one of the most versatile building materials, gypsum possesses sound and thermal insulation and fireproof characteristics. However, gypsum plaster sets quickly, which limits its application. It is discovered that the waste slags have certain retarding effect on β-semi-hydrated gypsum, while quartz sand has roughly no influence on the setting time of gypsum. When mixed with 5% of finely ground manganese slag or steel slag, the initial setting time of gypsum plaster reached 100 min. The hydration process of β-semi-hydrated gypsum was studied in order to reveal the underlying reasons. The results showed that the incorporation of waste metallurgical slag reduced the formation rate of di-hydrate gypsum and blocked the hydration of gypsum. The retarding mechanism of steel slag for β-semi-hydrated gypsum was different from other retarders. It not only changed the shape of di-hydrate gypsum crystals, but also effectively inhibited the hydration of semi-hydrated gypsum. The micro structure of gypsum plaster was observed by SEM. It was found that, at the same curing time, di-hydrate gypsum crystals were short in the system containing steel slag or manganese slag, and the quantity of gypsum decreased as compared with the blank, which is in good consistence with the XRD analysis. It is the main cause for retarding effect and resulting strength loss of the gypsum system. When steel slag was used to regulate the setting time of building gypsum, the lower content of di-hydrate and certain acidity were favorable to the regulation of the setting time. Compared to commonly used retarders, as sodium citrate and sodium polyphosphate, ground slag and manganese slag have excellent retarding effect and the advantages of low cost and low strength loss.

Solvent extraction is widely used in the restoration of oil contaminated soil, and the changes of soil microstructure before and after extraction will further affect the migration and transfer of oil pollutants in soil. Using molecular dynamics simulation method, this paper researched oil pollutants (n-dodecane) detachment in hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous solution from quartz sand surface. Grooves with different widths or depths were constructed on quartz sand surface, which represented the mineral surface coarse structure. The results showed that:① the main driving factors of the desorption process of the n-dodecane molecules in grooves are the CTAB molecules and the n-dodecane polymer outside grooves; ② Reduction of the width of grooves or increase of the depth of grooves inhibit the desorption of n-dodecane molecules, and also restrain CTAB molecules from promoting the removal of oil; ③ The concentration of CTAB is not proportional to the percentage of desorpted n-dodecane molecules. The system containing 16 CTAB molecules may achieve a better degree of n-dodecane molecules detachment than the systems containing 0 or 32 CTAB molecules.

The coating wastewater was treated by neutralization and precipitation. Removal effect of negative ions such as total phosphorus, sulfate radical and positive ions such as total iron, total lead and total chromium in the coating wastewater was studied under different pH (4-12). The mechanism of precipitation formation during the process of pH adjustment was discussed by using the modified Gibbs function of thermodynamic equation △G=RTln(Q_c/K°_sp). The results showed that when pH value was 2.18-10, the ionic strength (I) was around 0.10mol/L. When pH was 12, the ionic strength (I) was 0.59mol/L. When considering the influence of ionic strength I, the active equilibrium constant K°_sp can be up to 15 orders of magnitude compared with that of the solubility product K_sp. The Gibbis function calculation should be performed by the active equilibrium constant K°_sp. pH had a great influence on the concentration of various forms of existence of weak acid and alkali. When pH=4-8, the precipitates formed were mainly phosphate. When pH=10-12, the types of hydroxide precipitate increased. At pH=12, the precipitates were the most abundant.

The new supported selective hydrogenation catalyst for C₃ fraction was developed and successfully applied in the 770kt/a ethylene plant. Its various operation parameters and mechanical strength were tested on the side line unit according to the characteristics of the liquid phase hydrogenation process. It was found that the new catalyst of BC-L-83G was obvious superior to the previous BC-L-83 on the wear and crush resistances and the long-term running ability, with wide operation temperature range and excellent sensitivity to the molar ratio of H₂/MAPD. The 12-month running results of industrial application indicated that the BC-L-83G had the advantages of high catalytic activity, good selectivity, strong fluctuant resistance and long regeneration cycle, which is worth for further commercial applications.