Research progress on photocatalysis systems for inactivation of microbial aerosol

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0628

Abstract

Abstract:

Now in the context of the novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak, the control and removal of microbial aerosols has once again attracted academic attention, while conventional air purification methods such as filtration, chemical agents and UV have their own defects and deficiencies. With the advantages of high efficiency, wide spectrum, green, no residue, dynamic continuous disinfection, photocatalysis has broad application prospects. In this paper, the research on the inactivation of microbial aerosols with photocatalysis system is summarized and analyzed from the aspects of the types of photocatalysts, the load of photocatalysts, the light source and the structure and operation of reactors. TiO₂ or its derivative materials are selected as photocatalysts in most studies, and more novel and efficient photocatalysts should be applied. Porous, multi-channel and large surface area catalyst carriers can effectively improve the efficiency of photocatalysis system. The light source still depends on UV light, and the application of visible light needs more research. There are few studies on improving the photocatalysis system by optimizing the reactor structure, and the most commonly used is the ring reactor. Researchers have developed photocatalytic air purifiers or combined photocatalysis systems with indoor air duct systems. In the future, photocatalysis system will become an important means for indoor microbial aerosol control.

Key words: microbial aerosol, photocatalysis, reactor, light source, air purification

摘要：

在当前新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）引发的肺炎（COVID-19）疫情背景下，微生物气溶胶的控制与去除再次引起学界的重视，而常规的过滤、化学药剂、紫外等空气净化方式存在各自的缺陷与不足。光催化法具有高效、广谱、绿色、无残留、可动态持续消毒的优点，具有广阔的应用前景。本文从光催化剂的种类、光催化剂的负载、光源以及反应器的结构与运行等方面对光催化系统灭活微生物气溶胶的相关研究进行了总结与分析。文中指出：绝大多数研究选择TiO₂或其衍生材料作为光催化剂，而更多新型、高效的光催化剂应当得到应用；多孔、多通道以及大表面积的催化剂载体能够有效提升光催化系统的效率；在光源的选择上仍然较多依赖于紫外光，可见光的应用有待更多的研究；从优化反应器结构入手改进光催化系统的研究较少，最常用的是环形反应器；已有研究者开发出光催化空气净化器，或将光催化系统与室内风管系统相结合。文章提出，未来光催化系统将会成为室内微生物气溶胶控制的重要手段。

关键词: 微生物气溶胶, 光催化, 反应器, 光源, 空气净化

CLC Number:

CHENG Rong, DENG Ziqi, XIA Jincheng, LI Jiang, SHI Lei, ZHENG Xiang. Research progress on photocatalysis systems for inactivation of microbial aerosol[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(2): 957-968.

程荣, 邓子祺, 夏锦程, 李江, 石磊, 郑祥. 光催化系统灭活微生物气溶胶的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(2): 957-968.

Figures/Tables 11

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光催化剂种类	负载方法	载体	微生物种类	最高去除率/%	参考文献
TiO₂	浸涂法	玻璃环	枯草芽孢杆菌	100	[19]
		反应器内壁	嗜肺军团菌	94	[20]
		高效空气过滤器（HEPA）滤芯	大肠杆菌	100	[21]
			多种细菌、真菌	77	[22]
			表皮菌、枯草杆菌、尼日尔菌和青霉菌	98	[23]
		聚醚砜膜盘式过滤器	大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、微杆菌	100	[24]
		硼硅酸盐板	多种细菌、真菌	98	[25]
		玻璃纤维过滤器	大肠杆菌K-12	100	[26]
		β-SiC泡沫	T2噬菌体	99.9	[27]
		多孔陶瓷板	H1N1流感病毒	100	[28]
		铝板	H1N1流感病毒	99.999	[29]
		陶瓷泡沫	大肠杆菌等5种细菌	99.9	[30]
	溶胶-凝胶法	玻璃纤维	大肠杆菌	97.7	[31]
	化学接枝法	聚氨酯泡沫	嗜肺军团菌	90	[32]
TiO₂、ZnO	浸涂法	乙酸纤维素蜂窝结构	多种细菌、真菌	98	[33]
	浸涂法	多孔玻璃珠	细菌、真菌	78	[34]
	溶胶-凝胶法	珍珠岩、多孔玻璃珠	细菌、真菌	77	[35]
	溶胶-凝胶法	珍珠岩	细菌、真菌	70	[36]
Cu/TiO₂	溶胶-凝胶法	玻璃纤维	大肠杆菌	87.80	[17]
	溶胶-凝胶法	无纺布	人类诺如病毒	99.87	[37]
	化学接枝法	聚氨酯泡沫	酵母菌	—	[38]
Ag/TiO₂	浸涂法	织物过滤器	细菌、真菌、病毒	100	[14]
Ag/TiO₂	浸涂法	铝板、聚酯纤维	蜡样芽孢杆菌孢子	97.89	[15]
Cu/TiO₂、Ag/TiO₂	溶胶-凝胶法	玻璃纤维	大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌	94.46	[39]
TiO₂/Cu²⁺、Ag@TiO₂/Cu²⁺	浸涂法	珍珠岩	大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌	100	[40]
Pd/TiO₂	静电自组装法、溶胶-凝胶法	钛板	MS2噬菌体	100	[41]
TiO₂、Pt/TiO₂	浸涂法	玻璃板	多种细菌、病毒	99.8	[16]
Ag/TiO₂、Ag/ZnO	喷涂法	反应灯内表面	环境空气细菌	96.48	[42]
ZIF-8	热压法	无纺布	大肠杆菌	99.99	[43]
TiO₂/MXene	浸涂法	聚氨酯泡沫	大肠杆菌	99.96	[13]

光催化剂种类	负载方法	载体	微生物种类	最高去除率/%	参考文献
TiO₂	浸涂法	玻璃环	枯草芽孢杆菌	100	[19]
		反应器内壁	嗜肺军团菌	94	[20]
		高效空气过滤器（HEPA）滤芯	大肠杆菌	100	[21]
			多种细菌、真菌	77	[22]
			表皮菌、枯草杆菌、尼日尔菌和青霉菌	98	[23]
		聚醚砜膜盘式过滤器	大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、微杆菌	100	[24]
		硼硅酸盐板	多种细菌、真菌	98	[25]
		玻璃纤维过滤器	大肠杆菌K-12	100	[26]
		β-SiC泡沫	T2噬菌体	99.9	[27]
		多孔陶瓷板	H1N1流感病毒	100	[28]
		铝板	H1N1流感病毒	99.999	[29]
		陶瓷泡沫	大肠杆菌等5种细菌	99.9	[30]
	溶胶-凝胶法	玻璃纤维	大肠杆菌	97.7	[31]
	化学接枝法	聚氨酯泡沫	嗜肺军团菌	90	[32]
TiO₂、ZnO	浸涂法	乙酸纤维素蜂窝结构	多种细菌、真菌	98	[33]
	浸涂法	多孔玻璃珠	细菌、真菌	78	[34]
	溶胶-凝胶法	珍珠岩、多孔玻璃珠	细菌、真菌	77	[35]
	溶胶-凝胶法	珍珠岩	细菌、真菌	70	[36]
Cu/TiO₂	溶胶-凝胶法	玻璃纤维	大肠杆菌	87.80	[17]
	溶胶-凝胶法	无纺布	人类诺如病毒	99.87	[37]
	化学接枝法	聚氨酯泡沫	酵母菌	—	[38]
Ag/TiO₂	浸涂法	织物过滤器	细菌、真菌、病毒	100	[14]
Ag/TiO₂	浸涂法	铝板、聚酯纤维	蜡样芽孢杆菌孢子	97.89	[15]
Cu/TiO₂、Ag/TiO₂	溶胶-凝胶法	玻璃纤维	大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌	94.46	[39]
TiO₂/Cu²⁺、Ag@TiO₂/Cu²⁺	浸涂法	珍珠岩	大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌	100	[40]
Pd/TiO₂	静电自组装法、溶胶-凝胶法	钛板	MS2噬菌体	100	[41]
TiO₂、Pt/TiO₂	浸涂法	玻璃板	多种细菌、病毒	99.8	[16]
Ag/TiO₂、Ag/ZnO	喷涂法	反应灯内表面	环境空气细菌	96.48	[42]
ZIF-8	热压法	无纺布	大肠杆菌	99.99	[43]
TiO₂/MXene	浸涂法	聚氨酯泡沫	大肠杆菌	99.96	[13]

光源种类	光源额定功率	光照强度/mW·cm^-2	微生物种类	最高去除率/%	参考文献
UVA	6W×19个	内侧3.43；外侧1.89	枯草芽孢杆菌	100	[19]
	8W×2个	1.82~6.28	大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、微杆菌	100	[24]
	14W×6个	10	细菌、真菌、病毒	100	[14]
	14W×43个	5	蜡样芽孢杆菌孢子	97.89	[15]
	36W×5个	4.85±0.09	多种细菌、真菌	77	[22]
	8W×2个	0.5~3.4	大肠杆菌K-12	100	[26]
	—	1	H1N1流感病毒	100	[28]
	—	0.25	大肠杆菌等5种细菌	99.9	[30]
UVC	—	1.8	金黄色葡萄球菌	99.98	[46]
	18W、35W	0.06~0.105	多种致病细菌、病毒	99.99	[47]
	11W×2个	12.8	粪肠球菌、法氏囊病病毒	99.7	[48]
UVC	15W×1个	10	大肠杆菌	99.96	[13]
UVA	8W×1个	10	大肠杆菌	99.68	[13]
UVC	6W	1.4±0.09	表皮菌、枯草杆菌、尼日尔菌和青霉菌	87	[23]
UVA	6W	2.2±0.06	表皮菌、枯草杆菌、尼日尔菌和青霉菌	73	[23]
VUV	0.5~11W	—	MS2噬菌体	100	[41]
UV-LED（392nm）	0.0097W×56个	11.7±2.0	T2噬菌体	99.9	[27]
UV-LED（375nm）	2W×12个	—	H1N1流感病毒	99.999	[29]
蓝色LED（430~505nm）	60个（30mA, 3.6V）	—	大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌	100	[40]
UV-LED（380~420 nm）	6个（500~700mA, 3.2~3.6V）	—	大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌	100	[40]
蓝色LED（460nm）	6.8W×85个	—	细菌	99.9	[18]
可见光LED（405nm）	7W×1个	—	环境空气细菌	96.48	[42]
可见光	20W×4个	25	大肠杆菌	87.80	[17]
可见光	20W×4个	25	大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌	94.46	[39]
模拟太阳光（300~1100nm）	300W氙灯	100	大肠杆菌	99.99	[43]
太阳光	—	18~21	表皮葡萄球菌	99.98	[12]

光源种类	光源额定功率	光照强度/mW·cm^-2	微生物种类	最高去除率/%	参考文献
UVA	6W×19个	内侧3.43；外侧1.89	枯草芽孢杆菌	100	[19]
	8W×2个	1.82~6.28	大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、微杆菌	100	[24]
	14W×6个	10	细菌、真菌、病毒	100	[14]
	14W×43个	5	蜡样芽孢杆菌孢子	97.89	[15]
	36W×5个	4.85±0.09	多种细菌、真菌	77	[22]
	8W×2个	0.5~3.4	大肠杆菌K-12	100	[26]
	—	1	H1N1流感病毒	100	[28]
	—	0.25	大肠杆菌等5种细菌	99.9	[30]
UVC	—	1.8	金黄色葡萄球菌	99.98	[46]
	18W、35W	0.06~0.105	多种致病细菌、病毒	99.99	[47]
	11W×2个	12.8	粪肠球菌、法氏囊病病毒	99.7	[48]
UVC	15W×1个	10	大肠杆菌	99.96	[13]
UVA	8W×1个	10	大肠杆菌	99.68	[13]
UVC	6W	1.4±0.09	表皮菌、枯草杆菌、尼日尔菌和青霉菌	87	[23]
UVA	6W	2.2±0.06	表皮菌、枯草杆菌、尼日尔菌和青霉菌	73	[23]
VUV	0.5~11W	—	MS2噬菌体	100	[41]
UV-LED（392nm）	0.0097W×56个	11.7±2.0	T2噬菌体	99.9	[27]
UV-LED（375nm）	2W×12个	—	H1N1流感病毒	99.999	[29]
蓝色LED（430~505nm）	60个（30mA, 3.6V）	—	大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌	100	[40]
UV-LED（380~420 nm）	6个（500~700mA, 3.2~3.6V）	—	大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌	100	[40]
蓝色LED（460nm）	6.8W×85个	—	细菌	99.9	[18]
可见光LED（405nm）	7W×1个	—	环境空气细菌	96.48	[42]
可见光	20W×4个	25	大肠杆菌	87.80	[17]
可见光	20W×4个	25	大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌	94.46	[39]
模拟太阳光（300~1100nm）	300W氙灯	100	大肠杆菌	99.99	[43]
太阳光	—	18~21	表皮葡萄球菌	99.98	[12]

反应器结构	微生物种类	反应时间	最高去除效果/%	参考文献
环形反应器	枯草芽孢杆菌（营养细胞和孢子）	60min	100	[19]
	细菌、真菌	5.7s	77	[35]
	大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、微杆菌	3.57min	100	[24]
	大肠杆菌	4.27s	99.96	[13]
	多种细菌、真菌	0.3min	98	[33]
	大肠杆菌K-12	1.1min	100	[26]
	大肠杆菌	—	97.7	[31]
	嗜肺军团菌	1.5s	90	[32]
	MS2病毒	0.125s	100	[41]
	嗜肺军团菌	—	94	[20]
	细菌	6s	99.9	[18]
圆柱形反应器	大肠杆菌	4h	100	[21]
	大肠杆菌	1h	87.80	[17]
	T2噬菌体	60min	99.9	[27]
	大肠杆菌	1h	100	[40]
	多种致病细菌、病毒	0.06~0.13s	99.999	[47]
矩形反应器	细菌、真菌、病毒	2min	100	[14]
	多种细菌、真菌	8h	77	[22]
	B1噬菌体	1h	99.8	[33]
	大肠杆菌	30min	99.99	[43]
	E.粪肠球菌、IBDV病毒	1s	99.7	[48]
	环境空气微生物	300min	100	[50]
	大肠杆菌等5种细菌	24h	99.9	[30]
立方体反应器	H1N1流感病毒	5min	100	[28]
催化剂涂层反应灯	环境空气细菌	48h	96.48	[42]
光催化空气净化器	H1N1流感病毒	7min	99.999	[29]