Research progress on room-temperature polymer-based electrolytes for safe solid-state lithium batteries

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-1110

Abstract

Abstract:

The ionic conductivity of most solid polymer electrolytes at room temperature is low (about 10^–8—10^-6 S /cm), and has great dependence on temperature. So, the polymer electrolytes cannot meet the practical application requirement for room-temperature solid-state lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this regard, we first summarize the main research progress and the advantage/disadvantage of room-temperature polymer electrolytes for LIBs. Then, from physical/chemical aspects, the recent developments of the preparation process, optimization and modification methods, and working mechanism of polymer electrolytes (including all-solid-state polymer electrolytes and quasi-solid-state polymer electrolytes) at room-temperature are reviewed. Finally, future research trends of solid polymer electrolytes for advanced LIBs are proposed.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, polymer, electrolyte, room-temperature

摘要：

目前，大多数聚合物固态电解质在室温下离子电导率较低，约为10^–8~10^-6 S /cm，且对温度存在着较大的依赖性，仍无法满足高性能室温固态锂电池的实际应用需要。基于此，本文先介绍了室温聚合物电解质在锂离子电池中应用的主要研究进展及其优缺点。然后，从物理调控、化学调控等多角度重点阐述了室温聚合物电解质（包括全固态聚合物电解质、准固态聚合物电解质）的制备工艺、优化与改性方法、作用机理等在电池中应用的主要研究进展和现状。最后，对锂离子电池用室温聚合物电解质存在的挑战和未来可能发展趋势进行了展望。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 聚合物, 电解质, 室温

CLC Number:

TM911

ZOU Wenhong, FAN You, ZHANG Yanyan, BAI Zhengshuai, TANG Yuxin. Research progress on room-temperature polymer-based electrolytes for safe solid-state lithium batteries[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(9): 5029-5044.

邹文洪, 樊佑, 张焱焱, 白正帅, 汤育欣. 安全固态锂电池室温聚合物基电解质的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(9): 5029-5044.

Figures/Tables 1

References 76

1	LARCHER D, TARASCON J M. Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage[J]. Nature Chemistry, 2015, 7(1): 19-29.
2	ALIPOORI S, MAZINANI S, ABOUTALEBI S H, et al. Review of PVA-based gel polymer electrolytes in flexible solid-state supercapacitors: opportunities and challenges[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2020, 27: 101072.
3	GOODENOUGH J B, PARK K S. The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2013, 135(4): 1167-1176.
4	SHEN Z Z, LANG S Y, SHI Y, et al. Revealing the surface effect of the soluble catalyst on oxygen reduction/evolution in Li-O₂ batteries[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2019, 141(17): 6900-6905.
5	欧阳明高. 能源革命与新能源智能汽车[J]. 中国工业和信息化, 2019(11): 21-24.
	OUYANG Minggao. Energy revolution and new energy intelligent vehicle [J]. China Industry & Information Technology, 2019(11): 21-24.
6	程俊, 黄蕊, 雷惊雷, 等. 电化学能源核心技术的关键科学问题[J]. 中国科学基金, 2020, 34(3): 350-357.
	CHENG Jun, HUANG Rui, LEI Jinglei, et al. Key scientific questions in the core technologies of electrochemical energy[J]. Bulletin of National Natural Science Foundation of China, 2020, 34(3): 350-357.
7	李栋, 郑育英, 南皓雄, 等. 高安全、高比能固态锂硫电池电解质[J]. 化学进展, 2020, 32(7): 1003-1014.
	LI Dong, ZHENG Yuying, Haoxiong NAN, et al. Electrolyte for solid lithium-sulfur batteries with high safety and high specific energy[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2020, 32(7): 1003-1014.
8	石凯, 安德成, 贺艳兵, 等. 基于聚合物电解质固态锂硫电池的研究进展和发展趋势[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2017, 6(3): 479-492.
	SHI Kai, AN Decheng, HE Yanbing, et al. Research progress and future trends of solid state lithium-sulfur batteries based on polymer electrolytes[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2017, 6(3): 479-492.
9	张旭, 王志, 王旭, 等. 锂离子动力电池电解液的热稳定性[J]. 化工进展, 2016, 35(4): 1140-1143.
	ZHANG Xu, WANG Zhi, WANG Xu, et al. Thermal stability of high power lithium-ion battery electrolytes[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2016, 35(4): 1140-1143.
10	李景坤, 廖小珍, 马紫峰. LiFePO₄正极材料制备过程研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2010, 29(8): 1508-1512.
	LI Jingkun, LIAO Xiaozhen, MA Zifeng. Research progress in preparation process of LiFePO₄ cathode materials for lithium ion battery[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2010, 29(8): 1508-1512.
11	CHEN S L, FENG F, YIN Y M, et al. Plastic crystal polymer electrolytes containing boron based anion acceptors for room temperature all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2019, 22: 57-65.
12	ZHOU D, SHANMUKARAJ D, TKACHEVA A, et al. Polymer electrolytes for lithium-based batteries: advances and prospects[J]. Chem, 2019, 5(9): 2326-2352.
13	JIANG Y, YAN X M, MA Z F, et al. Development of the PEO based solid polymer electrolytes for all-solid state lithium ion batteries[J]. Polymers, 2018, 10(11): 1237.
14	ZHOU Q, MA J, DONG S M, et al. Intermolecular chemistry in solid polymer electrolytes for high-energy-density lithium batteries[J]. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(50): 1902029.
15	ZHAO Q, STALIN S, ZHAO C Z, et al. Designing solid-state electrolytes for safe, energy-dense batteries[J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 2020, 5(3): 229-252.
16	MANTHIRAM A, YU X W, WANG S F. Lithium battery chemistries enabled by solid-state electrolytes[J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 2017, 2: 16103.
17	张鹏, 李琳琳, 何丹农, 等. 锂离子电池凝胶聚合物电解质研究进展[J]. 高分子学报, 2011(2): 125-131.
	ZHANG Peng, LI Linlin, HE Dannong, et al. Research progress of gel polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries[J]. Acta Polymerica Sinica, 2011(2): 125-131.
18	YAO P H, YU H B, DING Z Y, et al. Review on polymer-based composite electrolytes for lithium batteries[J]. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2019, 7: 522.
19	ASGHAR M R, ANWAR M T, NAVEED A, et al. A review on inorganic nanoparticles modified composite membranes for lithium-ion batteries: recent progress and prospects[J]. Membranes, 2019, 9(7): 78.
20	马强, 戚兴国, 容晓晖, 等. 新型固态聚合物电解质在锂硫电池中的性能研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2016, 5(5): 713-718.
	MA Qiang, QI Xingguo, RONG Xiaohui, et al. Novel solid polymer electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2016, 5(5): 713-718.
21	张兰, 张世超. 锂电池凝胶聚合物电解质的研究进展[J]. 电源技术, 2013, 37(11): 2057-2059, 2082.
	ZHANG Lan, ZHANG Shichao. Progress of gel-polymer electrolyte for Li-ion battery[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 37(11): 2057-2059, 2082.
22	XUE Z G, HE D, XIE X L. Poly(ethylene oxide)-based electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2015, 3(38): 19218-19253.
23	LI S, ZHANG S Q, SHEN L, et al. Progress and perspective of ceramic/polymer composite solid electrolytes for lithium batteries[J]. Advanced Science, 2020, 7(5): 1903088.
24	WRIGHT P V. Electrical conductivity in ionic complexes of poly(ethylene oxide)[J]. British Polymer Journal, 1975, 7(5): 319-327.
25	WRIGHT P V. Developments in polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries[J]. MRS Bulletin, 2002, 27(8): 597-602.
26	ARMAND M B. Polymer electrolytes[J]. Annual Review of Materials Science, 1986, 16(1): 245-261.
27	YANG L Y, WEI D X, XU M, et al. Transferring lithium ions in nanochannels: a PEO/Li⁺ solid polymer electrolyte design[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2014, 53(14): 3631-3635.
28	XU H T, ZHANG H R, MA J, et al. Overcoming the challenges of 5 V spinel LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathodes with solid polymer electrolytes[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2019, 4(12): 2871-2886.
29	CHEN L, FAN L Z. Dendrite-free Li metal deposition in all-solid-state lithium sulfur batteries with polymer-in-salt polysiloxane electrolyte[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2018, 15: 37-45.
30	ZHANG J J, ZHAO J H, YUE L P, et al. Safety-reinforced poly(propylene carbonate)-based all-solid-state polymer electrolyte for ambient-temperature solid polymer lithium batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2015, 5(24): 1501082.
31	LI Y J, FAN C Y, ZHANG J P, et al. A promising PMHS/PEO blend polymer electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium ion batteries[J]. Dalton Transactions, 2018, 47(42): 14932-14937.
32	TAN J W, AO X, ZHUO H, et al. Cryogenic engineering of solid polymer electrolytes for room temperature and 4 V-class all-solid-state lithium batteries[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 420: 127623.
33	ZHOU W D, WANG Z X, PU Y, et al. Double-layer polymer electrolyte for high-voltage all-solid-state rechargeable batteries[J]. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(4): 1805574.
34	WANG A L, LIU X, WANG S, et al. Polymeric ionic liquid enhanced all-solid-state electrolyte membrane for high-performance lithium-ion batteries[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 276: 184-193.
35	ROLLAND J, BRASSINNE J, BOURGEOIS J P, et al. Chemically anchored liquid-PEO based block copolymer electrolytes for solid-state lithium-ion batteries[J]. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2(30): 11839-11846.
36	MEABE L, HUYNH T V, LAGO N, et al. Poly(ethylene oxide carbonates) solid polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 264: 367-375.
37	ZHANG B H, LIU Y L, PAN X M, et al. Dendrite-free lithium metal solid battery with a novel polyester based triblock copolymer solid-state electrolyte[J]. Nano Energy, 2020, 72: 104690.
38	WANG S, WANG A L, LIU X, et al. Ordered mesogenic units-containing hyperbranched star liquid crystal all-solid-state polymer electrolyte for high-safety lithium-ion batteries[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 259: 213-224.
39	CHEN Y, SHI Y, LIANG Y L, et al. Hyperbranched PEO-based hyperstar solid polymer electrolytes with simultaneous improvement of ion transport and mechanical strength[J]. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2019, 2(3): 1608-1615.
40	JUNG Y C, PARK M S, KIM D H, et al. Room-temperature performance of poly(ethylene ether carbonate)-based solid polymer electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 1-11.
41	ZHOU B H, HE D, HU J, et al. A flexible, self-healing and highly stretchable polymer electrolyte via quadruple hydrogen bonding for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018, 6(25): 11725-11733.
42	ZHANG Y F, CAI W W, ROHAN R, et al. Toward ambient temperature operation with all-solid-state lithium metal batteries with a sp3 boron-based solid single ion conducting polymer electrolyte[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 306: 152-161.
43	ROHAN R, SUN Y B, CAI W W, et al. Functionalized polystyrene based single ion conducting gel polymer electrolyte for lithium batteries[J]. Solid State Ionics, 2014, 268: 294-299.
44	ZHU M, WU J X, WANG Y, et al. Recent advances in gel polymer electrolyte for high-performance lithium batteries[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2019, 37: 126-142.
45	DI NOTO V, LAVINA S, GIFFIN G A, et al. Polymer electrolytes: present, past and future[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2011, 57: 4-13.
46	刘文昊, 吴兴隆. 固态聚合物电解质的锂离子传导机理与研究进展[J]. 分子科学学报, 2016, 32(5): 379-395.
	LIU Wenhao, WU Xinglong. Work mechanism and research progress of solid polymer electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Molecular Science, 2016, 32(5): 379-395.
47	FEUILLADE G, PERCHE P. Ion-conductive macromolecular gels and membranes for solid lithium cells[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 1975, 5(1): 63-69.
48	TANG X L, CAO Q, WANG X Y, et al. Study of the effect of a novel high-performance gel polymer electrolyte based on thermoplastic polyurethane/poly(vinylidene fluoride)/polystyrene and formed using an electrospinning technique[J]. RSC Advances, 2015, 5(72): 58655-58662.
49	HSU C Y, LIU R J, HSU C H, et al. High thermal and electrochemical stability of PVDF-graft-PAN copolymer hybrid PEO membrane for safety reinforced lithium-ion battery[J]. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(22): 18082-18088.
50	ZHANG M Y, LI M X, CHANG Z, et al. A sandwich PVDF/HEC/PVDF gel polymer electrolyte for lithium ion battery[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2017, 245: 752-759.
51	CHOI N S, LEE Y G, PARK J K, et al. Preparation and electrochemcial characteristics of plasticized polymer electrolytes based upon a (PVDF-co-HFP)/PVAc blend[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2001, 46(10/11): 1581-1586.
52	STEPHAN A M, THIRUNAKARAN R, RENGANATHAN N G, et al. A study on polymer blend electrolyte based on PVC/PMMA with lithium salt[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 1999, 81/82: 752-758.
53	CHENG X B, ZHAO C Z, YAO Y X, et al. Recent advances in energy chemistry between solid-state electrolyte and safe lithium-metal anodes[J]. Chem., 2019, 5(1): 74-96.
54	DAIGLE J C, VIJH A, HOVINGTON P, et al. Lithium battery with solid polymer electrolyte based on comb-like copolymers[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 279: 372-383.
55	XI J Y, QIU X P, LI J, et al. PVDF-PEO blends based microporous polymer electrolyte: effect of PEO on pore configurations and ionic conductivity[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 157(1): 501-506.
56	LUO D, LI Y, LI W L, et al. Synthesis and characterization of novel semi-interpenetrating polymer network electrolyte based on crosslinked P(GMA-co-AN)/PEO[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2008, 108(4): 2095-2100.
57	NISHIMOTO A, AGEHARA K, FURUYA N, et al. High ionic conductivity of polyether-based network polymer electrolytes with hyperbranched side chains[J]. Macromolecules, 1999, 32(5): 1541-1548.
58	胡拥军, 陈白珍, 李义兵, 等. 增塑型锂离子电池聚合物电解质[J]. 化工进展, 2006, 25(2): 163-166.
	HU Yongjun, CHEN Baizhen, LI Yibing, et al. Progress of plasticized polymer electrolyte for Li-ion battery[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2006, 25(2): 163-166.
59	BOHNKE O, FRAND G, REZRAZI M, et al. Fast ion transport in new lithium electrolytes gelled with PMMA. 1. Influence of polymer concentration[J]. Solid State Ionics, 1993, 66(1/2): 97-104.
60	LU Q W, FANG J H, YANG J, et al. A novel solid composite polymer electrolyte based on poly(ethylene oxide) segmented polysulfone copolymers for rechargeable lithium batteries[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2013, 425/426: 105-112.
61	APPETECCHI G B, SCROSATI B. A lithium ion polymer battery[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 1998, 43(9): 1105-1107.
62	王特, 蒋立, 田晓录, 等. 锂离子电池安全材料的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(6): 3132-3142.
	WANG Te, JIANG Li, TIAN Xiaolu, et al. Research progress of lithium ion batteries safety materials[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(6): 3132-3142.
63	LI L B, WANG F R, LI J S, et al. Electrochemical performance of gel polymer electrolyte with ionic liquid and PUA/PMMA prepared by ultraviolet curing technology for lithium-ion battery[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(17): 12087-12093.
64	VIGNAROOBAN K, DISSANAYAKE M A K L, ALBINSSON I, et al. Effect of TiO₂ nano-filler and EC plasticizer on electrical and thermal properties of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) based solid polymer electrolytes[J]. Solid State Ionics, 2014, 266: 25-28.
65	XIONG H M, WANG Z D, XIE D P, et al. Stable polymer electrolytes based on polyether-grafted ZnO nanoparticles for all-solid-state lithium batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2006, 16(14): 1345.
66	XIONG H M, WANG Z D, LIU D P, et al. Bonding polyether onto ZnO nanoparticles: an effective method for preparing polymer nanocomposites with tunable luminescence and stable conductivity[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2005, 15(11): 1751-1756.
67	DISSANAYAKE M A K L, JAYATHILAKA P A R D, BOKALAWALA R S P, et al. Effect of concentration and grain size of alumina filler on the ionic conductivity enhancement of the (PEO)₉LiCF₃SO₃: Al₂O₃ composite polymer electrolyte[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 119/120/121: 409-414.
68	LI C C, QIN B S, ZHANG Y F, et al. Single-ion conducting electrolyte based on electrospun nanofibers for high-performance lithium batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2019, 9(10): 1803422.
69	ZHU Y H, CAO J, CHEN H, et al. High electrochemical stability of a 3D cross-linked network PEO@nano-SiO₂composite polymer electrolyte for lithium metal batteries[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7(12): 6832-6839.
70	CHEN L, LI Y T, LI S P, et al. PEO/garnet composite electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries: from “ceramic-in-polymer” to “polymer-in-ceramic”[J]. Nano Energy, 2018, 46: 176-184.
71	HUO H Y, CHEN Y, LUO J, et al. Rational design of hierarchical “ceramic-in-polymer” and “polymer-in-ceramic” electrolytes for dendrite-free solid-state batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2019, 9(17): 1804004.
72	张建军, 杨金凤, 吴瀚, 等. 二次电池用原位生成聚合物电解质的研究进展[J]. 高分子学报, 2019, 50(9): 890-914.
	ZHANG Jianjun, YANG Jinfeng, WU Han, et al. Research progress of in situ generated polymer electrolyte for rechargeable batteries[J]. Acta Polymerica Sinica, 2019, 50(9): 890-914.
73	JU J W, WANG Y T, CHEN B B, et al. Integrated interface strategy toward room temperature solid-state lithium batteries[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(16): 13588-13597.
74	DUAN H, YIN Y X, ZENG X X, et al. In-situ plasticized polymer electrolyte with double-network for flexible solid-state lithium-metal batteries[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2018, 10: 85-91.
75	LIU F Q, WANG W P, YIN Y X, et al. Upgrading traditional liquid electrolyte viain situ gelation for future lithium metal batteries[J]. Science Advances, 2018, 4(10): eaat5383.
76	ZHAO Q, LIU X, STALIN S, et al. Solid-state polymer electrolytes with in-built fast interfacial transport for secondary lithium batteries[J]. Nature Energy, 2019, 4(5): 365-373.

[1]	MA Yi, CAO Shiwei, WANG Jiajun, LIN Liqun, XING Yan, CAO Tengliang, LU Feng, ZHAO Zhenlun, ZHANG Zhijun. Research progress in recovery of spent cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries using deep eutectic solvents [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(S1): 219-232.
[2]	LIN Xiaopeng, XIAO Youhua, GUAN Yichen, LU Xiaodong, ZONG Wenjie, FU Shenyuan. Recent progress of flexible electrodes for ion polymer-metal composites (IPMC) [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(9): 4770-4782.
[3]	QIAN Sitian, PENG Wenjun, ZHANG Xianming. Comparative analysis of forming cyclic oligomers via PET melt polycondensation and cyclodepolymerization [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(9): 4808-4816.
[4]	ZHU Chuanqiang, RU Jinbo, SUN Tingting, XIE Xingwang, LI Changming, GAO Shiqiu. Characteristics of selective non-catalytic reduction of NO _x with solid polymer denitration agent [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(9): 4939-4946.
[5]	LI Bogeng, LUO Yingwu, LIU Pingwei. Consideration on research content and method of polymer product engineering [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(8): 3905-3909.
[6]	WANG Baoying, WANG Huangying, YAN Junying, WANG Yaoming, XU Tongwen. Research progress of polymer inclusion membrane in metal separation and recovery [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(8): 3990-4004.
[7]	CHEN Junjun, FEI Chang’en, DUAN Jintang, GU Xueping, FENG Lianfang, ZHANG Cailiang. Research progress on chemical modification of polyether ether ketone for the high bioactivity [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(8): 4015-4028.
[8]	YU Jingwen, SONG Luna, LIU Yanchao, LYU Ruidong, WU Mengmeng, FENG Yu, LI Zhong, MI Jie. An indole-bearing hypercrosslinked polymer In-HCP for iodine adsorption from water [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(7): 3674-3683.
[9]	YU Xixi, ZHANG Jinshuai, LEI Wen, LIU Chengguo. Research progress of self-healing photocuring polymeric materials based on dynamic covalent bonds [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(7): 3589-3599.
[10]	SUN Zhengnan, LI Hongjing, JING Guolin, ZHANG Funing, YAN Biao, LIU Xiaoyan. Application of EVA and its modified polymer in crude oil pour point depressant field [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(6): 2987-2998.
[11]	YU Dingyi, LI Yuanyuan, WANG Chenyu, JI Yongsheng. Preparation of lignin-based pH responsive hydrogel and its application in controlled drug release [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(6): 3138-3146.
[12]	YANG Farong, GU Lili, LIU Yang, LI Weixue, CAI Jieyun, WANG Huiping. Preparation and application of molecularly imprinted polymers of terbutylazine assisted by computer simulation [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(6): 3157-3166.
[13]	YANG Jiatian, TANG Jinming, LIANG Zirong, LI Yinhong, HU Huayu, CHEN Yuan. Preparation and application of novel starch-based super absorbent polymer dust suppressant [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(6): 3187-3196.
[14]	WANG Hao, HUO Jinda, QU Guorui, YANG Jiaqi, ZHOU Shiwei, LI Bo, WEI Yonggang. Research progress of positive electrode material recycling technology for retired lithium batteries [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(5): 2702-2716.
[15]	HE Zhiyong, GUO Tianfo, WANG Jinli, LYU Feng. Progress of CO₂/epoxide copolymerization catalyst [J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(4): 1847-1859.