Abstract: Heavy carbon resources (HCRs) are the most abundant organic resources globally and their efficient utilization is crucially important for the sustainable development of national economy，whereas the key issue restraining efficient utilization of HCRs is lack of understanding of the compositions and structures of organic macromolecular components in HCRs. Investigating the compositions and structures in soluble organic matter，especially macromolecular organic species，from HCRs in molecular level under the direction of molecular coal chemistry theory and using related separation and non-destructive (or slightly destructive) methods can provide reliable theoretical basis for developing new technologies of directly separating value-added chemicals from HCRs or directionally converting HCRs to clean and highly calorific fuels along with value-added chemicals.