Abstract: China is under enormous pressure of huge energy consumption and carbon emission, however, it is reasonable for China’s further development even though the per capita amount is still increasing. Petroleum is mainly used as transportation fuel and fundamental chemical feedstock for a modern society. With the depletion of petroleum, the concept of sustainable development calls for a substitute for oil-dependent economy. This paper focuses on new ways of energy and chemical industry in the post-petroleum era to replace the traditional production process of transportation fuel and fundamental chemical feedstock, and puts forward some technical measures especially for China’s energy and chemical industry about how to face the dual challenge of energy consumption and carbon emission.