As an effective and complex chemical reaction field, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been extensively studied and applied in biotechnology, medical science, environmental protection, materials science, and so on. Since aqueous solution is usually used as the reaction media among numerous applications of the CAPs, the understandings of the interaction mechanism between the CAP and aqueous solution is of great importance. However, due to the big complexity of CAP-solution interaction processes, the present experimental methods are still quite difficult to comprehensively reveal the action mechanisms. Numerical simulation has thus been employed widely in the CAP field and become one of important methods to investigate the interaction mechanisms of CAP with solution. In this review, we focus on the simulation methods used for exploring the interaction mechanisms between the CAP and aqueous solution, including fluid dynamics modelling and molecular dynamics simulation. For the fluid dynamics modelling, this review gives a detailed description of the features of the global, one- and two-dimensional models and their applications in analysis of the interactions of the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and plasmas jets with aqueous solution. On the other hand, the interaction process between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and biomolecules in aqueous solution by employing the molecular dynamics simulation method based on reactive force field is also reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of fluid dynamics modelling and molecular dynamics simulation are then compared, and a brief discussion on the urgent problems as well as the perspectives of the future development in this field has been also described.

As a novel high-efficient and clean combustion technology, supercritical hydrothermal combustion has provided a brand-new way to organic wastes treatment, heavy oil recovery, clean conversion and utilization of coal-based solid fuels, drilling technology development and upgrading quality of inferior fuels, etc. This paper outlines the introduction of supercritical hydrothermal combustion and its development process and technical advantages. The present development statuses on hydrothermal flame characteristics of various fuels, design of proper hydrothermal combustion reactors, and specific applications of hydrothermal combustion technology were reviewed respectively. For a given fuel, lower extinction temperatures owned by a hydrothermal combustion reactor play a key role in improving the stability of hydrothermal flames in reactor. Heat storage requirements and reactor wall safety of the hydrothermal flame zone need to be considered inside reactors during its design. Hydrothermal flame characteristics and its coupling mechanism with the heat and mass transfer of supercritical fluids, numerical simulation of the hydrothermal combustion process, material corrosion characteristics in complex environment containing hydrothermal flame, supercritical water and oxygen, etc., wastes treatment assisted by hydrothermal flame, production of multicomponent thermal fluids for heavy oil recovery, and combustion characteristics of coal-based solid fuels will be the main focus of hydrothermal combustion researches.

Research on behavior mode of granular matter under vertical vibration is of great significance in improving the efficiencies of chemical engineering industries. The research has been a popular topic and continuous progresses have been made in this field. The behavior modes of granular matter under vibration were summarized as granular behaviors in a vertically vibrated bed, particle climbing along the pipe inserted in the vertically vibrated granular bed, particle migration in the vibrated U-tube and particle climbing along the vertically vibrated pipe inserted in the static granular bed, and the relevant research progresses were reviewed. It was found that the motion of granular matter was still not well understood and that the mechanism lying in the granular behavior mode remained controversial. Since the discrete element method (DEM) can be used to obtain the information of individual particle motion and thus to well reflect the mechanism and behavior of granular process, the DEM simulations on behavior modes of granular matter both in a vertically vibrated U-tube and in a vertically vibrated pipe were performed to reproduce the experimental results. On this basis, it was proposed that taking advantage of the DEM, the future work should focus on the investigation of the dynamic nature of granular behavior mode and the factors affecting the granular behavior mode in order to provide theoretical foundation and method guidance for the optimization of granular transportation process.

The mathematical model of regeneration process of lithium chloride water solution was built in this paper. Variation of average moisture removal rate, temperature and concentration of solution with time were obtained by simulation analysis. Experimental study of regeneration performance of lithium chloride water solution was carried out using average moisture removal rate as the evaluation index. Influence trends of temperature of hot water , concentration of solution, initial temperature of solution, regeneration pressure, and temperature of cold water these five factors on regeneration performance were analysed, respectively. Experimental results showed that concentration of solution, pressure of regeneration have significant impact on regeneration performance, temperature of cold water has a weak influence on regeneration performance. At standard operating conditions, the pressure of regeneration is 4 kPa. When the mass fraction of LiCl in solution increased from 28% to 34%, the average moisture removal rate decreased from 20.45g/ (m²·s) to 7.44g/ (m²·s). When pressure of regeneration increased from 4kPa to 10kPa, the average moisture removal rate decreased from 15.33g/ (m²·s) to 1.92g/ (m²·s). At last, both simulation and experimental results using temperature and concentration of solution as target parameters were compared and analysed. Results showed that simulation and experimental values are in a good agreement.

To study the driving force of loop heat pipe, a new visual evaporator of flat loop heat pipe was established with phase change space which was used to observe the change of working fluid in the experimental process. One of the main experiments was to study the effect of height of phase change space on starting-time, and the other was to study the effect of heating power on thermal resistance of system. Results showed that the staring-time is not constant in the different height of phase change space, and the same to the thermal resistance of system in different heating powers. When the height of phase change space is 1mm, the starting-time is short and the working fluid cannot be dried up easily. The present study provides a basis for the establishment of closed system and for the creation of new mathematical model of the driving mechanism.

A new type of gas-liquid distributor with broken flow plate at the bottom of the distributor was designed. In the cold model experiment, crude oil and hydrogen was replaced by water and air. The experiment process is that water was pumped out from the water tank and flowed into the gas-liquid diffuser of the top of test tower after being measured by liquid flow meter. The gas-liquid flow were cooled by chilled box and flowed down through the distributor at the same time. The liquid entered the collecting device was guided into 17 numbered cylinders which were placed on the ground by rubber tubes. The left liquid entered the water tank. The gas was discharged into the atmosphere. Finally, the pressure drop was tested by U shaped tube differential pressure gauge. The distribute performance, pressure drop loss, operation flexibility of the vapor and liquid phases and distribution uniformity of the distributor was studied. The structural style parameters were also optimized and determined. Result showed the best technological conditions of the distributor were that the flow of liquid phase is 0.3m³/h, the flow of vapor phase is 20-30m³/h.

In order to deeply understand the motion mechanism of bubbles in turbulent flows, instantaneous forces exerting on bubbles in a channel turbulence flow with a low Reynolds number were analyzed in details with the Euler-Lagrange one-way method. The liquid-phase turbulence field was computed with direct numerical simulations (DNS) in Euler reference frame, and instantaneous forces on bubbles were solved with Newtonian motion equations including drag, shear lift, pressure gradient, virtual mass, gravity (i.e., buoyant) and inertia forces in Lagrange reference frame. The present investigations showed that forces acting on bubbles depended simultaneously on the gravity direction, the flow direction of liquid and the bubble place in the wall-normal direction. The instantaneous force components controlling bubble motions changed with bubbles location and motion direction. Comparatively speaking, the component of the shear lift force perpendicular to gravity had an important influence on the bubble motion in the region near walls. The wall-normal component of the pressure gradient force was dominant for bubble motions in the region away from walls. The drag force components was very important for bubble motions in the whole channel region, and the virtual mass force played a dominant role in bubble motions in all regions except one near the walls for the vertical channel.

With the requirement to continuously improve detailed management in petro-chemical industry, the traditional single-alone planning optimization software gradually failed to meet the need. Using new information technology whose core is internet technology, a new generation of planning model system is developed in this paper, which is graphic and online, stressing on process orientation and collaborative application. By means of the basic model management, online model sharing and sending, and data dictionary management, the collaborative application is realized. By using graph modeling, data input through windows form, diverse result output, and error diagnosing throughout the process of modeling, the system becomes visual and user-friendly. Depending on the function of ‘input once and calculate many times', the sensitivity analysis can be easily made by users. The system security is guaranteed through authorization management. The real application results show that the model established using the system is reliable, and it can well support the planning optimization of the enterprises.

Using water as the working fluid, the turbulent heat transfer and flow characteristic of helical tube with corrugation were numerically investigated. The heat transfer enhancement mechanism was analyzed, and the effects of corrugation height H and corrugation pitch P on heat transfer and flow characteristics were discussed. The simulation results indicated that the overall heat transfer performance of helical tube with corrugation was better than that of smooth helical tube in the same working condition, and that the centrifugal force coursed by the helical movement of fluid led to secondary flow in the vertical flow direction. Meanwhile, the back flow in main flowing direction was resulted from the periodic expansion and contraction of tube cross section, which destroyed the flow boundary layer, enlarged the turbulence intensity and strengthened the heat transfer process greatly. With increasing H, Nu and f the overall heat transfer performance increased. With decreasing P, Nu increased, f decreased and the overall heat transfer performance were improved greatly .

Using stainless steel corrugated wire mesh packing, the separation of co-boiling system (ethanol/water) was studied by using the high gravity vacuum distillation. The effects of the ethanol mass fraction of feed x_f (50%~95%), the operating pressure P (101.33~11.33 kPa) and average high gravity factor β (20.90~130.64) on the mass transfer property of ethanol/water system were studied. In this experiment, the running of the single-stage higeedistillation equipment was stable and the mass transfer property increased first then decreased with increasing β. And it increased with decreasing P and increasing x_f , and broke the azeotropic point when P was 11.33 kPa. Under the same conditions, the separation effect of the single-stage higee distillation equipment was higher than that of the traditional tower. The mass transfer property was 7.94~14.20 mm, only 1/6~1/4 of the traditionl tower. Mass transfer property was significantly enhanced. The energy consumption analysis showed that the gravity device itself was small and easy to reach the desired degree of vacuum, reducing energy consumption significantly.

This article discusses the effect of expander inlet superheat on the performance of expander and the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system at fixed heat source. An ORC experimental rig was constructed with scroll expander, and dichlorotrifluoroethane (R123) was selected as the working fluid. At 140℃, experiments were carried out by adjusting the expander torque to control the system evaporation pressure, to regulate the expander inlet superheat. Experimental results showed that the maximum shaft power and actual operating efficiency of the expander were 2.35 kW and 59.7 %, respectively. The maximum net output power, thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of the ORC system were 1.75 kW, 5.3 % and 21.8 %, respectively. Analysis showed that with the expander inlet superheat decreased, the expander mechanical efficiency increased while the expander isentropic efficiency decreased. As the superheat decreased, the shaft power and actual operating efficiency of the expander first increased, then decreased. When the expander inlet superheat was about 20℃, the expander showed the maximum output power, and the ORC system provided the highest net output power, thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency, simultaneously. Besides, expander inlet superheat influenced the exergy destruction distribution of the ORC system. With the expander inlet superheat decreased, the expander exergy destruction first increased and then decreased.

The remelt syrup of brown granulated sugar was studied using the Calcium phosphate flocculation method. The sedimentation velocity and compactness of the floc sedimentation were observed under different adding order of the phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide , and the way of adding them simultaneously was used for the flocculating sedimentation. The effect of the phosphoric acid dosage, preliming pH, reaction time, and reaction temperature on the decolorization and deturbidity of the remelt syrup of brown granulated sugar were investigated. The orthogonal tests were proceeded to optimize the experimental conditions, and the results showed that the optimal phosphoric acid dosage was 210 mg/kgBx, reaction time was 5min, the reaction temperature was 85℃, and the preliming pH was 7.10. Under the optimal conditions, the decolorization rate reached 70.1% and the deturbidity rate reached 97.7%. The results proved the feasibility of the calcium phosphate flocculation method for the clarification and decolorization of the remelt syrup of brown granulated sugar.

Gas hydrates can be employed as a special phase-change material, as they have variable phase change heat changes during their formation or dissociation. This article summarizes the researches of phase change heat of gas hydrates from their measurements and applications. The direct and indirect methods of determining the phase change heat of gas hydrates are compared and analyzed in this work. The direct method is accomplished by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) while the indirect calculation method is achieved by Clausius-Clapeyron equation on basis of hydrate phase equilibrium data. The applications of phase change heat of gas hydrates are summarized comprehensively. Especially, the gas hydrates as the cold storage media in air condition systems are introduced in detail. The cold storage based on gas hydrates are discussed from cold storage media and cold storage devices. The key points and difficulties on the applications of phase change heat of gas hydrates are also pointed out. This paper is prone to provide a guide for the further utilization of phase change heat of gas hydrates.

The development of the oil recovery technique for the third generation has greatly promoted the stable application of surfactant oil displacement in oil field production. Compared with the chemically synthesized surfactant, biosurfactants has the outstanding advantage of being non-toxic, which has been extensively studied and applied. The objectives of this paper are to expound the displacement mechanism, the purification and the biological application of surfactant oil displacement, and to prospect the future development of the biosurfactants. Regarding the oil displacement mechanism, the exploitation of the late reservoir recovery efficiency would be guaranteed mainly through reducing the oil-water interfacial tension, emulsifying oil residue, and enhancing the wettability reversal. As for purification, single method preparation of biosurfactants is relatively mature, yet with certain limitations, therefore, the combinations of two or more methods would be the future trend for biosurfactants' purification technology by lowering the cost and improving the productivity. In application, biosurfactants are compounded with chemical surfactant, and then directionally injected into reservoir for oil displacement. In addition, the use of efficient nutrition agent indigenous microbial activation has been developed in recent years, to induce the surface active substance so as to enrich and displace the reservoir oil.

Currently, the condensation of bio-oil mainly is using the partition wall type cooler, which however can cause the coking of bio-oil and block the gas pipeline. According to the characteristics of dilute phase transport in fluidized bed, biomass pyrolysis and bio-oil condensate, a fast pyrolysis reactor with an improved bio-oil condenser was designed to pyrolyze the rice husk to prepare bio-oil. Experiments were conducted to study the factors affecting the yield of bio-oil such as reaction temperature, fluidizing gas flow and feeding rate. The result showed that the whole reaction device could run normally for a long time, and the bio-oil could condense rapidly, but the yield of bio-oil was increasing and then decreasing with the increase of reaction temperature, fluidizing gas flow and feeding rate. In addition, the bio-oil was collected and analyzed by GC-MS, and the contents of acids, ketones, esters and phenols were found relatively high in the bio-oil.

Catalytic oligomerization reaction, by employing light olefins as raw materials, paves an important route for producing clean liquid fuels. Currently, in the industrialization of olefin oligomerization, the development of heterogeneous catalysts with high-activity, favorable stability and well concentrated product distribution is an emerging direction. In this review, the catalytic reaction mechanisms of olefin oligomerization on both the acid and nickel active centers of heterogenous catalysts were summarized. We mainly introduced the oligomerization reactions with C₂⁼, C₃⁼ and their mixtures. Accordingly, the optimal designing of heterogeneous catalysts, including the type of supports, pore structures and the distribution of active centers, as well as the optimization of reaction conditions of oligomerization reactions were reviewed. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of producing liquid fuels from heterogenous catalysis of light olefins were prospected, which provides a theoretical guidance for the development of promising industrial catalysts with high selectivity and long-life.

Highly efficient, stable, and low cost electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to evolve oxygen gas are key to water-splitting in alkaline media. Recently, researchers have designed advanced Ni-Fe-based OER electrocatalysts with higher catalytic activity for efficient and durable water electrolysis. In this review, we present the latest progress in advanced Ni-Fe-based materials with excellent activity and stability, including Ni-Fe-based alloy, oxide and layered double hydroxide and their composites. Furthermore, detailed OER electrocatalysis mechanisms for Ni-Fe based materials are discussed to provide insight into the nature of active catalytic sites as well as the effect of Fe incorporated in Ni-based electrocatalsyts. Finally, it is also pointed out that the future studies should focus on the development of novel Ni-Fe-based materials with superior catalytic activity and the detailed mechanisms responsible for improved OER activity.

As a visible light responding polymer and semiconductor photocatalyst, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄)has the advantages of cheap and readily available, chemically stable, non-toxic and harmless, as well as having suitable band gap and band position etc. However, g-C₃N₄ can only absorb light shorter than 460nm and its photogenerated carriers recombine severely, which has restricted its application. Modification of g-C₃N₄ is an effective means to improve its photocatalytic ability. This article outlines the structure, properties and preparation methods of g-C₃N₄, then focuses on the research progress of g-C₃N₄, including morphology controlling, compounding with semiconductors, element doping, molecular doping and dye-sensitized. It also discusses the applications of g-C₃N₄ in pollutants removal, hydrogen evolution, CO₂ reduction and other aspects of organic synthesis. The prospects for the development of g-C₃N₄ based photocatalysts are also discussed, and the research direction of graphitic carbon nitride are proposed as multiple modification, application and mechanism exploration.

Hydration of nitriles to the corresponding amides has the advantages of high atomic economy and avoiding formation of undesirable side products. Traditionally, the hydration of nitriles was achieved by the catalysis of strong acid or alkali. However, it has the drawbacks of over hydrolysis of amides into carboxylic acids and the formation of salts from the neutralization of the catalysts. To overcome these difficulties various transition metal oxides including manganese dioxide (MnO₂), nickel oxide (NiO), ceria (CeO₂) and ruthenium hydroxide [Ru (OH)_x] to replace strong acid or alkali have been used as catalysts in this reaction. In this article, the hydration of various nitriles to the corresponding amides catalyzed by the above transition metal oxides has been summarized. It can be seen that the hydration of nitriles to the amides depends on the type and preparation method of catalysts and the structure of nitriles. The preparation method, application scope, advantages and disadvantages of each catalyst are also illustrated. In addition the possible catalytic mechanisms of the catalysts are discussed. It is expected that the catalysts with excellent performance will be from complex transition metal oxides and supported metal oxides based on the above discussions.

Considering the copolymeration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and alkylene oxides to synthesize aliphatic polycarbonate, we introduced the research progress of double metal cyanide (DMC) complex catalyst used in the process following the comprehensive analysis of the application of aliphatic polycarbonate. In addition, we also analyzed the catalytic effect for different kinds of active center metal combinations in different reaction systems. The Zn-Co-DMC catalyst prepared by precipitation method was used in the catalytic system. By changing the preparation method, ligands and other conditions, we can control the morphology of the catalyst, and thus improve the catalytic activity. The Zn-Fe-DMC catalyst has good activity in the ring-opening of alkylene oxides. At the same time, we also described the combinations of other active center metals for the preparation of DMC catalyst, and got the conclusion that the activity of the copolymerization of CO₂ and alkylene oxide was strongly affected by the central metal and ligand. Finally, the mechanism of the copolymerization was introduced, and then we pointed out the direction for the design of the DMC catalyst.

The oligomerization and cracking of 1-butene were studied at various space-time, temperature and partial pressure and over HZSM-5 in an isotherm fixed-bed reactor. The results showed that increasing the space-time could improve the catalyst activity, but increased the cracking reaction and lowered the selectivity of C₈. When the temperature was increased from 220℃ to 410℃, the conversion of 1-butene increased first but then decreased, and the highest conversion of 1-butene was obtained at 300℃ which was explained by the 1-butene consumption rate equation. 1-Butene oligomerization was in favor of low temperature. At higher temperature cracking increased rapidly, resulting in the product distribution shifted towards lighter hydrocarbons. It was also observed that higher partial pressure increased the consumption rate of 1-butene, and therefore the oligomerization favored high partial pressure.

A series of FER zeolites with different amount of pre-deposited carbon were prepared by pretreatment at high temperature using mixture of 1-butene and N₂. The effect of pre-coking on the catalytic performances of FER zeolite in the skeletal isomerization of n-butenes into isobutene were studied. TG-DTA results indicated that there were two kinds of carbon deposits, i.e. Carbon_LT (mass loss at low temperature) and Carbon_HT (mass loss at high temperature). The amount of Carbon_LT increased linearly with the extension of pre-coking time, while the amount of Carbon_HT remained constant after being treated for one hour. The amount of Carbon_LT had closely related to the initial isobutene selectivity and the Carbon_LT might deposit on the active sites where propylene and ethylene were produced.

The core-shell structure silicon carbide based carbon composite solid acid catalyst was prepared via gas sulfonation progress from SiC/C composites which was synthesized by hydrothermal method and low temperature carbonization at 400℃ using glucose, oleic acid and humic acid sodium as carbon source and silicon carbide as carrier. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, IR, XPS, TG, SEM and TEM. The result showed that the acid value of the solid acid catalyst measured by acid titration method was 1.33mmoL/g. Its catalytic activity was tested by the benzaldehyde and 1, 3-propanediol condensation reaction. Effects of molar ration of raw material, the amount of catalyst, reaction time and reusability of the catalyst on the condensation yield had been investigated. When 0.075g catalyst was used for 0.1 mol benzaldehyde and the molar ration of alcohol to aldehyde in the precursors was equal to 1.5 and the reflux condensation was kept for 2h at 100℃, the condensation yield was 83% and the catalyst could be reused for more than four times.

Halogen-exchange fluorination is the main method to synthesize fluorinated aromatics. Phase transfer catalysts (PTCs) are essential for the halogen-exchange fluorination. The p-tert-butylcalix[4]-arene- crown-5 was synthesized from p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene and tetraethylene glycol ditosylate in the presence of K₂CO₃, and it was used as the phase transfer catalyst in the fluoridation of chlorine nitrobenzene to investigate its performance in the fluorination. The influences of fluorination reaction conditions, such as the reaction time, temperature and different catalysts were investigated. The catalytic activities of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene- crown-5 were verified. It was found that the yields of the reaction with p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-crown-5 as PTC were improved. Catalyzed by p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene-crown-5 for 3 h, the reaction had a conversion of 96.53% and the yield of 4-fluoronitrobenzene was 90.8%.

Water treatment membrane has selective separation ability and therefore the components in the sewage could be separated, purified, and concentrated through the membrane. Based on the unique properties of silver nanoparticles, the introduction of silver nanoparticles into the water treatment membranes can endow the composite membranes with strong antibacterial and antifouling properties. In this paper, it reviewed the recent research progress of introducing silver nanoparticles into the widely-used water treatment membranes such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane for improving the antifouling properties. In addition, it is also pointed out that increasing the antibacterial durability of nano-silver composite water treatment membrane and the development of environment-friendly membrane are the future research directions.

Gold nanorods have received more and more attention due to their unique optical and electronic properties. In particular, the tunable surface plasmon resonance characteristics of gold nanorods allow them to gain wide applications in bio-labeling, imaging, bioanalysis, biomedicine, etc. This review discussed the optical properties of gold nanorods and several surface modification methods, and summarized the applications of gold nanorods in the fields of biological molecular probe, fluorescent probe, cancer diagnosis and photothermal therapy. The main issues on gold nanorods and their applications in biology are also discussed.

Asymmetrical rhodamine derivative was firstly synthesized with a yield of high fluorescence quantum. Using asymmetrical rhodamine derivative as fluoresent dye, tetraethyl orthosilicate as the raw material, we prepared silica fluoresent microspheres by embedding method under acidic solutions. Then surface modification on the silica fluoresent microspheres by aminopropyl triethoxysilane was carried out. Finally, silica fluorescent microspheres with amino groups were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence spectrophotometry. The results indicated that the obtained silica fluorescent microspheres were of good dispersion, narrow particle size, stable and high fluorescence intensity. And amino groups were successfully introduced on the surface.

Dioctyl phthalate molecularly imprinted macroporous resin (DOP-MIP-D101) was prepared by using macroporous resin D101 as carrier, acrylamide as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker, and DOP as template molecule, and its structure was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. The static isothermal adsorption performance, kinetic adsorption performance and selective adsorption properties of DOP-MIP-D101 on DOP were studied. Results showed that the adsorption capacity of DOP-MIP-D101 on DOP was better than that of NIP-D101 and DOP-MIP-D101, indicating its higher recognition ability to the template molecule. Adsorption process of DOP-MIP-D101 was consistent with the Freundlich model. The adsorption of DOP-MIP-D101 on DOP reached equilibrium after about 100min.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important plant hormone, which plays a significant role in regulating plant growth, resisting agricultural natural disaster and increasing crop yields activity, etc. Therefore, it has broad application prospects. This paper makes a brief introduction about its biosynthetic pathway as well as the research progress in the production of abscisic acid by fermentation including the strains, substrates and the fermentation processes. The problems occurred during the fermentation of abscisic acid are also discussed, such as the low yield of original strains, long fermented time, deficient fermentation technology and low efficiency in product extraction. It is pointed out that more attentions should be paid to the breeding the ABA high-producing strains, the main enzyme activity in the biosynthetic pathway and the extraction and purified technology.

The hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSN) were synthesized in neutral aqueous solution at room temperature. Following this method, well-defined HMSN was prepared with a 25nm shell and a 250nm hollow diameter. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis, Trans-mission electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer were applied to characterize the synthesized HMSNs. The morphology of the HMSN was spherical. The BET result shows that the specific surface area of HMSN was 730.0m²/g, the average pore size was 1.084cm³/g, and the pore diameter was 6.58 nm. Experiments were designed according to a three-level Box-Behnken design to optimize the Indomethacin loaded HMSNs. The result indicated that HMSNs exhibited an excellent drug loading capacity. The optimal formulation parameters were as follows:IMC/HMSNs mass ratios (A), loading time (B) and ultrasonic time (C) levels were 22:1, 1.4h and 23h, respectively and the best encapsulation efficiency could be 85.2%. The observed responses were in good agreement with the predicted values of the mathematic models, so the Box-Behnken design is suitable for optimizing the formulation of indomethacin loaded hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles.

Chitosan and Gelatin are good biocompatible polymers and are suitble for drug carriers. Preparation of 5-fluorouracil loaded chitosan/gelatin particles and in vitro release were performed using emulsion crosslinking method with paraffin oil as external phase and chitosan/gelatin as internal phase, and the optimal formulations were verified by orthogonal design. The drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, the microscopic morphology and release behavior of drug loaded particles in vitro were examined. The optimal preparation conditions were:the ratio of water to oil 1:7, the ratio of chitosan/gelatin concentration 1:3, emulsifying time 5min, emulsifying temperature 60℃, glutaraldehyde dosage 5.5mmol/L, reaction time 1h, and emulsifier dosage 100.7mmol/L. Under these conditions, the drug loading of particles was 34.96% and encapsulation efficiency was 38.36%. Infrared spectroscopy showed that chitosan/gelatin microparticles have loaded 5-Fu. Microparticles were spherical with smooth surface. 5-Fu can be encapsuoed in chitosan/gelatin by emulsion crosslinking method. This method was simple and reproducible and drug release performance in vitro showed that the microparticles had obviously sustained release effect.

Lubricant additives have broad application prospects in the field of lubrication because they have been proven to possess excellent antifriction and antiwear properties. However, most of the commercial lubricant additives contain P, S or some other harmful elements. Therefore, it is significant to look for more environmental friendly, economical lubricant additives to replace the traditional commercial lubricating oil additives. According to the different structures, tribological mechanisms of lubricant additives and some studies in lubrication area, this review focused on the preparation methods, tribological applications, development status and corresponding mechanism of nanoparticles (nano elemental and composite particles, nanometer oxide, nanometer nitride, and nanometer sulfide), N-containing heterocyclic compounds, boric acid esters and ionic liquids. This review also pointed out the main lubrication mechanisms are adsorption mechanism, the rolling mechanism and the friction reaction film mechanism. Finally, the existing problems were analyzed and the current research hotpot and future direction were still the preparation of composite additives and the tribological mechanisms.

As one of the major bio-based materials, chitin shows excellent bio-compatibility and anti-bacterial properties and finds applications in many high value-added areas, such as drug release, wound healing, tissue implantation, bio-separation engineering and heavy metal absorption, etc. However, chitin is featured by extensive hydrogen bonding, making it unable to melt and difficult to be dissolved. Therefore, modification is important to facilitate the processing and application of chitin. In this article, the current state of acylation of chitin is reviewed by comparing different acylation methods under both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. Focus is on the homogeneous reactions in methanesulfonic acid, lithium chloride/dimethylacetamide, ionic liquids and trifluoroacetic anhydride. Methods for improving acylation efficiency under heterogeneous conditions are described, such as optimizing the catalyst and structural activation. The properties and applications of acylated chitin are also introduced. Although the acylation of chitin under heterogeneous conditions has been well developed, there are still some limits and shortcomings. This paper highlights the significant advantages of trifluoroacetic anhydride method under homogeneous conditions, as well as strategies for improving the heterogeneous acylation of chitin.

Anhydrous nitric acid is one of the widely used nitrate reagents. But it is unstable and difficult to store, which limits its preparation and application. The preparation methods of anhydrous nitric acid are summarized in this paper including extraction with dichloromethane, electrochemical synthesis, the low temperature vacuum distillation, dehydration and gas phase reaction. In addition, the advantages, disadvantages and the applicable scope of each method are compared. At the same time, this paper introduces different nitration systems with anhydrous nitric acid involved, including single anhydrous nitric acid system, anhydrous nitric acid-sulfuric acid system, anhydrous nitric acid-acetic anhydride system, anhydrous nitric acid-solid acid system and anhydrous nitric acid-N₂O₅ system, and points out the properties, advantages and disadvantages of each system as well as the main applications. The analysis shows that industrial production of anhydrous nitric acid is expected to be realized through further process optimization. The combination of anhydrous nitric acid with other reagents can form more excellent-performance, more environmentally friendly nitration systems, which will make anhydrous nitric acid continue to serve as an important nitrating agent and play a significant role in organic synthetic reactions.

2- (2-benzothiazolylthio) ethanol (BTE) was synthesized using 2-mercapto benzothiazole as raw material and then a sulfur nitrogen-containing heterocyclic borate ester (SNHB) lubricant additive was synthesized using BTE as raw material. The structures of BTE and SNHB were characterized by FTIR and elemental analysis. The solubility of BTE and SNHB in rapeseed oil were tested and the thermal stabilities of them were studied by thermal analysis. The hydrolytic stabilities of SNHB were also determined. The friction reducing, anti-wear and load-carrying capacities of BTE and SNHB were investigated by four-ball test. The surface morphology and the elemental composition of the tribofilms were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The results revealed that the synthesized products were the target compounds of BTE and SNHB, and they completely dissolved in the rapeseed oil and thus had good oil soluble properties. The decomposition temperature of SNHB and BTE ranged from 270.50℃ to 396.01℃, and from 253.04℃ to 326.83℃, respectively. Both SNHB and BTE had good thermal stability, and SNHB was better. SNHB was not hydrolyzed over 7 days, while triisopropyl borate (a commercially available borate product) was hydrolyzed completely within 10 min, so SNHB had better hydrolytic stability under the same experimental conditions. SNHB exhibited superior tribological performances to BTE under different test loads and additive concentrations.

Porous material supported water treatment agent is an effective and environmental friendly composite material. It can be widely used to remove metal ions from wastewater. It has advantages of high specific surface area, high efficiency and easy recovery. This paper describes an overview of recent domestic and foreign new methods of porous material supported water treatment agent. Research progresses on preparation of supercritical technology, micro-emulsion technology, microwave technology and sol-gel technology, as well as the preparation method features were introduced. Meanwhile, the application of supported water treatment agent for non-ferrous metal ions, rare earth ions and noble metal ions was reviewed. The direction of development of waste water treatment agent to remove metal ions was specially proposed. More work needs to be done in improving reactivity of waste water treatment agent, adsorption and photocatalytic synergies. Materials containing functional groups as the support should be selected with the metal ions action. Magnetic load water treatment agent should be prepared to facilitate post-recycling. Environmental friendly and recyclable water treatment agent should be developed to improve life and avoid secondary pollution.

Co-disposal of fossil fuel and hazardous waste in suspension firing boiler is a new hazardous waste incineration technology. The benefits of co-disposal include using the large number of existing suspension firing boilers, lower improvement cost, higher destruction and removal efficiency and solving the lack of hazardous waste incinerators. Although there are already some basic research at home and abroad, it is still lack of continuous large-scale test, the rule of pollutants discharge and the impact on the performance of the boiler during co-disposal. In this paper, research status of co-disposing hazardous waste and conventional fuel in suspension firing boiler were reviewed. The current situation and technical problem of co-disposing municipal sewage sludge or solid recovered fuels were also introduced, which has same principle and great reference value. Emission behavior of fine particles and gaseous pollutant, the proportion of heavy metals in different ash components and the impact on the performance of the boiler during co-disposal were also analyzed. In the end, to realize the application of co-disposal in large-scale, there are three rules must be followed, and there are some key points in the development of co-disposal technology which have to be studied further were raised.

The environment friendly flocculant includes animal extracts, plant extracts, microorganism, mineral extracts and environmental waste, has the advantages of non-toxic, biodegradable, no secondary pollution or environmental friendly. In this paper, the sources, the effective components and the working mechanisms of environment friendly flocculants were introduced. The current application statue of environment friendly flocculant in the treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater were discussed. The focus was on the influence of pH, dosage, dye characteristics and dosing mode on the effluent quality. Some key parameters were provided for the selection, application and development of environmental friendly flocculants. Lower active components and higher preparation cost are pointed out to restrict its industrial application. Finally, grafting modification, inorganic-organic hybrid, exploring more effective preparation methods were recommended to enhance the adaptability of environment friendly flocculent in the treatment of the printing and dyeing wastewater.

Adsorption-photocatalytic method has a broad application prospect in the field of indoor VOC control due to its high efficiency, convenience, non-pollution, etc. In this paper, adsorption-photocatalytic degradation mechanism of VOC is introduced. Commonly used preparation methods of immobilized TiO₂ in recent years, as well as each technological process, application scope and existing problems are summarized. Meanwhile, the influences of reaction environment (wind velocity, initial concentration, temperature, relative humidity) on adsorption-photocatalytic degradation rate are reviewed. Analysis shows that one should reasonably and economically determine preparation method according to adsorbent substrate's surface groups, pore structure and hydrophilic-hydrophobic property when choosing TiO₂ immobilization technology, comprehensively consider self-characteristics of VOC, reactor type and other experimental conditions to get the best environmental parameters under different conditions when discussing the influence law of reaction environment on degradation rate of indoor VOC. Finally, it is pointed out that low-temperature membrane preparation methods and studies on how reaction environment affects VOC degradation of low concentration and multi-components will become the development trend in the future.

With the increasingly serious environmental problems, catalytic reduction technology of NO_x in coal-fired flue gas has been developed rapidly. In view of the widely applied selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x technology, we reviewed the research of catalytic denitration at low temperature from their catalytic mechanism, and classified low-temperature catalytic denitration as low-temperature NH₃-SCR and low-temperature catalytic denitration without NH₃. Metal oxides catalysts, zeolite catalysts and carbon-based catalysts were summarized as NH₃-SCR catalysts, and their catalytic mechanism were also reviewed. Low-temperature catalytic denitration without NH₃ included HC-SCR, NO_x catalytic decomposition, catalytic reduction by CO and NO_x adsorption-reduction technology. Low temperature NH₃-SCR had the advantages of high selectivity and efficiency but the cost of reductant was more as well as its storage and transportation were difficult. Low-temperature catalytic denitration without NH₃ had low efficiency and selectivity, but its reductant was cheaper, easy produced and its efficiency was higher when the operation process was improved. In conclusion, low-temperature catalytic denitration technology should lower the cost and improve denitration process such as NO_x storage-reduction technology in the future.

Activated carbon with pecan shell as raw material, after phosphate impregnation, carbonization and activation, can be produced. The surface morphology and pore size distribution of the activated carbons were characterized by SEM and nitrogen adsorption measurement.Furthermore, gas washing water from model test of underground coal gasification was purified by pecan shell activated carbon. The removal effects of volatile phenol, TOC、COD、ammonia and some elements were investigated. Results showed that the specific surface area and total pore volume of prepared activated carbon can be 2959m²/g and 2.223cm³/g. It incorporate both micro-pore and meso-pore with pore size range of 1-6nm. The removal rates of volatile phenol, TOC and COD values by pecan shell activated carbon after 45h can be 99.75%, 88.33% and 65.73%, respectively. The removal rates of ammonia and trace elements after adsorption for 15 h reaches 80.