Abstract: China is under enormous pressure of huge energy consumption and carbon emission, however, it is reasonable for China’s further development even though the per capita amount is still increasing. Petroleum is mainly used as transportation fuel and fundamental chemical feedstock for a modern society. With the depletion of petroleum, the concept of sustainable development calls for a substitute for oil-dependent economy. This paper focuses on new ways of energy and chemical industry in the post-petroleum era to replace the traditional production process of transportation fuel and fundamental chemical feedstock, and puts forward some technical measures especially for China’s energy and chemical industry about how to face the dual challenge of energy consumption and carbon emission.

摘要： 中国面临总能耗和总碳排放的巨大压力，但人均能耗和人均碳排放增长是中国发展的合理诉求。现代社会的交通燃料和多种重要基础化工材料均以石油为主要原料，而石油资源短缺和可持续发展理念要求寻找石油经济的替代模式。本文对后石油时代能源化工的主要问题，即交通燃料和重要基础化工原料的生产工艺替代，从技术层面探讨了中国能源化工的发展如何面对资源与碳排放的双重挑战。