Abstract:

Polyimide aerogel has the advantages of high specific surface area, low density, low thermal conductivity, etc., but it has problems such as easy moisture absorption, large shrinkage, the use of a large number of organic solvents in the preparation process and the use of expensive chemical crosslinking agents. This article mainly introduced the current preparation methods, properties and applications of polyimide aerogels, focusing on the dianhydride and diamine condensation reaction method, isocyanate method and ring-opening metathesis polymerization method. The preparation principles of several methods were briefly described, and the research progress of polyimide aerogel in the fields of heat insulation, radiation resistance, oil-water separation, filtration and other fields was also summarized. Finally, the preparation method and practical application of polyimide aerogel were summarized and evaluated. It was proposed that in the future research work, it should be focused on solving hygroscopic and shrinkage, and exploring other types of crosslinking agents. In addition, based on the current development trend of polyimide aerogels and their composite materials, the new existing forms and new application fields of polyimide aerogels were prospected in the future.

Key words: polyimide aerogel, preparation method, preparation principle, performance, application

摘要：

聚酰亚胺气凝胶具有高比表面积、低密度、低热导率等优点，但是存在易吸湿、收缩率大且在制备过程中大量使用有机溶剂以及使用价格昂贵的化学交联剂等问题。本文主要介绍了目前聚酰亚胺气凝胶的制备方法、性能及其应用，重点综述了二酐与二胺缩合反应法、异氰酸酯法、开环易位聚合法。简述了几种方法的制备原理，同时也总结了聚酰亚胺气凝胶在隔热、抗辐射、油水分离、过滤等领域应用的研究进展。最后，对聚酰亚胺气凝胶的制备方法及实际应用进行了总结与评价，提出在今后的研究工作中要以解决易吸湿、收缩率大、探索其他类型交联剂作为重点。并且，立足于目前聚酰亚胺气凝胶及其复合材料的发展趋势，对今后聚酰亚胺气凝胶新的存在形态、新的应用领域进行了展望。

关键词: 聚酰亚胺气凝胶, 制备方法, 制备原理, 性能, 应用